Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Multifunctional Composite Ecomaterials and Their Impact on Sustainability

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Ecomaterials

  • 185 Accesses

Abstract

Composites composed of biodegradable polymer as matrix and natural fillers as reinforcement have attracted great attention in environmental protection. The addition of natural fillers to the compositions with the biodegradable polymers aims to improve the properties of the materials, as well as lower the prices. Many application fields in which this kind of composites may be used caused the development of a new trend in ecomaterials area. Although consumers more and more expect ecoproducts, the introduction of biodegradable composites packaging on market involves many scientific uncertainties and still requires complex activities to the full understanding of the use of such materials in daily life. This review focuses on compostable composites as a cheaper alternative for the biodegradable polymers in various practical applications. Composites with biodegradable polymers as a matrix and the natural origin materials as fillers will be briefly discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 979.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Standard EN 13432:2000 Packaging – requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation – test scheme and evaluation criteria for the final acceptance of packaging (2000) European Committee for Standardization

    Google Scholar 

  2. Peijs T, Garkhail SK, Heijenrath R, Van Den Oever M, Bos H (1998) Thermoplastic composites based on flax fibres and polypropylene: influence of fibre length and fibre volume fraction on mechanical properties. Macromol Symp 127:193–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Barkoula NM, Garkhail SK, Peijs T (2010) Biodegradable composites based on flax/polyhydroxybutyrate and its copolymer with hydroxyvalerate. Ind Crop Prod 31:34–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Mukherjee T, Kao N (2011) PLA based biopolymer reinforced with natural fibre: a review. J Polym Environ 19:714–725

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Karani R, Krishnan M, Narayan R (1997) Biofiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. Polym Eng Sci 37:476–483. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.11691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Mohanty AK, Misra M, Hinrichsen G (2000) Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: an overview. Macromol Mater Eng 276/277:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1439-2054(20000301)276:1<1::AID-MAME1>3.0.CO;2-W

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Mohanty AK, Misra M (1995) Studies on jute composites – a literature review. Polym Plast Technol Eng 34:729–792. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559508009599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bledzki AK, Reihmane S, Gassan J (1996) Properties and modification methods for vegetable fibers for natural fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 59:1329–1336. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19960222)59:8<1329::AID-APP17>3.0.CO;2-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Maya JJ, Sabu T (2008) Biofibres and biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 71:343–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.05.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink HP, Bohn A (2005) Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:3358–3393. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200460587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Li H, Zadorecki P, Flodin P (1987) Cellulose fiber-polyester composites with reduced water sensitivity (1) – chemical treatment and mechanical properties. Polym Compos 8:199–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.750080308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Paillet M, Peguy A (1990) New biodegradable films from exploded wood solutions. J Appl Polym Sci 40:427–433. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070400311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Tejado A, Pena C, Labidi J, Echeverria JM, Mondragon I (2007) Physico-chemical characterization of lignins from different sources for use in phenol–formaldehyde resin synthesis. Bioresour Technol 98:1655–1663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.05.042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Zeronian SH, Kawabata H, Alger W (1990) Factors affecting the tensile properties of nonmercerized and mercerized cotton fibers. Text Res J 60:179–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/004051759006000310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Jayarman K (2003) Manufacturing sisal–polypropylene composites with minimum fibre degradation. Compos Sci Technol 63:367–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00217-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Rong MZ, Zhang MQ, Liu Y, Yang GCh, Zeng HM (2001) The effect of fiber treatment on the mechanical properties of unidirectional sisal-reinforced epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 61:1437–1447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Bledzki AK, Gassan J (1999) Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres. Prog Polym Sci 24:221–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(98)00018-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Baillie C (ed) (2004) Green composites: polymer composites and the environment. CRC Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  19. Park J, Quang ST, Hwang B, DeVries LK (2006) Interfacial evaluation of modified Jute and Hemp fibers/polypropylene (PP)-maleic anhydride polypropylene copolymers (PP-MAPP) composites using micromechanical technique and nondestructive acoustic emission. Compos Sci Technol 66:2686–2699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.03.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (2001) Surface modifications of natural fibers and performance of the resulting biocomposites: an overview. Compos Interfaces 8:313–343. https://doi.org/10.1163/156855401753255422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Zakaria S, Poh LK (2002) Polystyrene-benzoylated EFB reinforced composites. Plast Technol 41:951–962. https://doi.org/10.1081/PPT-120014397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Alvarez VA, Ruseckaite RA, Vazquez A (2003) Mechanical properties and water absorption behavior of composites made from a biodegradable matrix and alkaline-treated sisal fibers. J Compos Mater 37:1575–1588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998303035180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Agrawal R, Saxena NS, Sharma KB, Thomas S, Sreekala MS (2000) Activation energy and crystallization kinetics of untreated and treated oil palm fibre reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites. Mater Sci Eng A 277:77–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00556-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Edeerozey AMM, Akil HM, Azhar AB, Ariffin MIZ (2007) Chemical modification of kenaf fibers. Mater Lett 61:2023–2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.08.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kumar AP, Singh RP, Sarwade BD (2005) Degradability of composites, prepared from ethylene–propylene copolymer and jute fiber under accelerated aging and biotic environments. Mater Chem Phys 92:458–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.01.027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gomes A, Matsuo T, Goda K, Ohgi J (2007) Development and effect of alkali treatment on tensile properties of curaua fiber green composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci 38:1811–1820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.04.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kostic M, Pejic B, Skundric P (2008) Quality of chemically modified hemp fibers. Bioresour Technol 99:94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Joseph PV, Joseph K, Thomas S, Pillai CKS, Prasad VS, Groennick G (2003) The thermal and crystallization studies of short sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci 34:253–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00185-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Wang B, Panigrahi S, Tabil L, Crerar W (2007) Pre-treatment of flax fibers for use in rotationally molded biocomposites. J Reinf Plast Compos 26:447–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684406072526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Prasad SV, Pavithran C, Rohatgi PK (1983) Alkali treatment of coir fibres for coir-polyester composites. J Mater Sci 18:1443–1454. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01111964

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Ray D, Sarkar BK, Rana AK, Bose NR (2001) Effect of alkali treated jute fibres on composite properties. Bull Mater Sci 24:129–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02710089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Sreekala MS, Kumaran MG, Thomas S (1997) Oil palm fibers: morphology, chemical composition, surface modification, and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 66:821–835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Valadez-Gonzalez A, Cervantes-Uc JM, Olayo R, Herrera-Franco PJ (1999) Chemical modification of henequen fibres with an organosilane coupling agent. Compos Part B Eng 30:321–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(98)00055-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Sever K, Sakanat M, Seki Y, Erkan G, Erdogan UH (2010) The mechanical properties of γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane-treated jute/polyester composites. J Compos Mater 44:1913–1924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998309360939

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Seki Y (2009) Innovative multifunctional siloxane treatment of jute fibre surface and its effect on the mechanical properties of jute/thermoset composites. Mater Sci Eng A 508:247–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.01.043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Hill CAS, Khalil HPSA, Hale MD (1998) A study of the potential of acetylation to improve the properties of plant fibres. Ind Crop Prod 8:53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(97)10012-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Mwaikambo LY, Ansell MP (1999) The effect of chemical treatment on the properties of hemp, sisal, jute and kapok fibres for composite reinforcement. Macromol Mater Eng 272:108–116. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-9505(19991201)272:1<108::AID-APMC108>3.0.CO;2-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Bledzki AK, Mamun AA, Lucka-Gabor M, Gutowski VS (2008) The effects of acetylation on properties of flax fibre and polypropylene composites. Express Polym Lett 2:413–422. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2008.50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Paul S, Puja N, Rajive G (2003) PhCOCl-Py/basic alumina as a versatile reagent for benzoylation in solvent-free conditions. Molecules 8:374–380. https://doi.org/10.3390/80400374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Sreekumar PA, Thomas SP, Marc Saiter J, Joseph K, Unnikrishnan G, Thomas S (2009) Effect of fiber surface modification on the mechanical and water absorption characteristics of sisal/polyester composites fabricated by resin transfer molding. Compos Part A Appl Sci 40:1777–1784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.08.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Li X, Tabil LG, Panigrahi S (2007) Chemical treatments of natural fiber for use in natural fiber-reinforced composites: a review. J Polym Environ 15:25–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-006-0042-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Mishra S, Mishra M, Tripathy SS, Nayak SK, Mohanty AK (2001) Graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile on chemically modified sisal fibers. Macromol Mater Eng 286:107–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/1439-2054(20010201)286:2<107:AID-MAME107>3.0.CO;2-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Paul A, Joseph K, Thomas S (1997) Effect of surface treatments on the electrical properties of low-density polyethylene composites reinforced with short sisal fibers. Compos Sci Technol 57:67–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(96)00109-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Joseph K, Thomas S (1996) Effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of short sisal fibre-reinforced polyethylene composites. Polymer 37:5139–5149. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(96)00144-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Sapieha S, Alard P, Zang YH (1990) Dicumyl peroxide-modified cellulose/LLDPE composites. J Appl Polym Sci 41:2039–2048. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070410910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Zafeiropoulos NE, Williams DR, Baillie CA, Matthews FL (2002) Engineering and characterization of the interface in flax fibre/polypropylene composite materials. Part I. Development and investigation of surface treatments. Compos Part A Appl Sci 33:1083–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00082-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Corrales F, Vilaseca F, Llop M, Gironès J, Méndez JA, Mutjè P (2007) Chemical modification of jute fibers for the production of green-composites. J Hazard Mater 144:730–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Paul SA, Oommen C, Joseph K, Mathew G, Thomas S (2010) The role of interface modification on thermal degradation and crystallization behavior of composites from commingled polypropylene fiber and banana fiber. Polym Compos 31:1113–1123. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.20901

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. George J, Sreekala MS, Thomas S (2001) A review of interface modification and characterization of natural fibre reinforced plastic composites. Polym Eng Sci 41:1471–1485. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.10846

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Mohanty S, Nayak SK, Verma SK, Tripathy SS (2004) Effect of MAPP as a coupling agent on the performance of jute-PP composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 23:625–637. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684404032868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Kaliaa S, Kaith BS, Kaur L (2009) Pretreatments of natural fibres and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites – a review. Polym Eng Sci 49:1253–1272. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.21328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Rahman MM, Mallik AK, Khan MA (2007) Influences of various surface pretreatments on the mechanical and degradable properties of photografted oil palm fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 105:3077–3086. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.26481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Sinha E, Panigrahi S (2009) Effect of plasma treatment on structure, wettability of jute fiber and flexural strength of its composites. J Compos Mater 43:1791–1802. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998309338078

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Belgacem MN, Bataille P, Sapieha S (1994) Effect of corona modification on the mechanical properties of polypropylene/cellulose composites. J Appl Polym Sci 53:379–385. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070530401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Ji SG, Park WH, Cho D, Lee BC (2010) Electron beam effect on the tensile properties and topology of jute fibers and the interfacial strength of jute-PLA green composites. Macromol Res 18:919–922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-010-0916-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Mukhopadhyay S, Fangueiro R (2009) Physical modification of natural fibers and thermoplastic films for composites – a review. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 22:135–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705708091860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Cho D, Seo JM, Min J, Park WH, Han SK, Hwang TW, Choi CH, Jung SJ (2007) Improvement of the interfacial, flexural, and thermal properties of jute/poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by fiber surface treatments. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy 1:331–340. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2007.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Gil L (2009) Cork composites: a review. Materials 2:776–789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2030776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Gibson LJ, Easterling KE, Ashby MF (1981) The structure and mechanics of cork. Proc R Soc Lond A 377:99–117. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1981.0117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Silva SP, Sabino MA, Fernandes EM, Correlo VM, Boesel LF, Reis RL (2005) Cork: properties, capabilities and applications. Int Mater Rev 50:345–365. https://doi.org/10.1179/174328005X41168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Gil L (1997) Cork powder waste: an overview. Biomass Bioenergy 13:59–61. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2030776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Abdallah FB, Cheikh RB, Baklouti M, Denchev Z, Cunha AM (2006) Characterization of composite materials based on PP-cork blends. J Reinf Plast Compos 25:1499–1506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684406066745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Abdallah FB, Cheikh RB, Baklouti M, Denchev Z, Cunha AM (2010) Effect of surface treatment in cork reinforced composites. J Polym Res 17:519–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-009-9339-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Fernandes EM, Correlo VM, Chagas JAM, Mano JF, Reis RL (2010) Cork based composites using polyolefin’s as matrix: morphology and mechanical performance. Compos Sci Technol 70:2310–2318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.09.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Fernandes EM, Correlo VM, Chagas JAM, Mano JF, Reis RL (2011) Properties of new cork–polymer composites: advantages and drawbacks as compared with commercially available fibreboard materials. Compos Struct 93:3120–3129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.06.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD, Pascoal Neto C, Gandini A, Martin L, Mondragon I (2008) Composites based on acylated cellulose fibers and low-density polyethylene: effect of the fiber content, degree of substitution and fatty acid chain length on final properties. Compos Sci Technol 68:3358–3364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.09.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Choubisa B, Patel M, Dholakiya B (2013) Synthesis and characterization of polylactic acid (PLA) using a solid acid catalyst system in the polycondensation method. Res Chem Intermed 39:3063–3070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-012-0819-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Guan Q, Naguib HE (2014) Fabrication and characterization of PLA/PHBV-chitin nanocomposites and their foams. J Polym Environ 22:119–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-013-0625-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Bartczak Z, Galeski A, Kowalczuk M, Sobota M, Malinowski R (2013) Tough blends of poly(lactide) and amorphous poly([R,S]- 3-hydroxy butyrate) – morphology and properties. Eur Polym J 49:3630–3641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.07.033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Garlotta D (2001) A literature review of poly(lactic acid). J Polym Environ 9:63–84. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020200822435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Rasal RM, Janorkar AV, Hirt DE (2010) Poly(lactic acid) modifications. Prog Polym Sci 35:338–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.12.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Sudesh K, Iwata T (2008) Sustainability of biobased and biodegradable plastics. Clean Soil Air Water 36:433–442. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.200700183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Gandini A (2008) Polymers from renewable resources: a challenge for the future of macromolecular materials. Macromolecules 41:9491–9504. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma801735u

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Koller M, Salerno A, Dias M, Reiterer A, Braunegg G (2010) Modern biotechnological polymer synthesis: a review. Food Technol Biotechnol 48:255–269

    Google Scholar 

  75. Rutkowska M, Krasowska K, Heimowska A, Adamus G, Sobota M, Musioł M, Janeczek H, Sikorska W, Krzan A, Zagar E, Kowalczuk M (2008) Environmental degradation of blends of atactic poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] with natural PHBV in Baltic Sea water and compost with activated sludge. J Polym Environ 16:183–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-008-0100-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Rydz J, Wolna-Stypka K, Adamus G, Janeczek H, Musioł M, Sobota M, Marcinkowski A, Krzan A, Kowalczuk M (2015) Forensic engineering of advanced polymeric materials. Part 1 – degradation studies of polylactide blends with atactic poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] in paraffin. Chem Biochem Eng Q 29:247–259. https://doi.org/10.15255/CABEQ.2014.2258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Woodruff MA, Hutmacher DW (2010) The return of a forgotten polymer – polycaprolactone in the 21st century. Prog Polym Sci 35:1217–1256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Liu JY, Reni L, Wei Q, Wu JL, Liu S, Wang YJ, Li GY (2006) Fabrication and characterization of polycaprolactone/calcium sulphate whisker composites. Express Polym Lett 5:742–752

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Reis EF, Campos FS, Lage AP, Leite RC, Heneine LG, Vasconcelos WL, Lobato ZIP, Mnsur HS (2006) Synthesis and characterization of poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels and hybrids for rMPB70 protein adsorption. Mater Res 9:185–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Xie Y, Hill CAS, Xiao Z, Militz H, Mai C (2010) Silane coupling agents used for natural fiber/polymer composites: a review. Compos Part A Appl Sci 41:806–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.03.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Wambua P, Ivens J, Verpoest I (2003) Natural fibres: can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics? Compos Sci Technol 63:1259–1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00096-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Dooley J, Hyun KS, Hughes K (1998) An experimental study on the effect of polymer viscoelasticity on layer rearrangement in coextruded structures. Polym Eng Sci 38:1060–1071. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.10274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Gatenholm P, Kubat J, Mathiasson A (1992) Biodegradable natural composites. I. Processing and properties. J Appl Polym Sci 45:1667–1677. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070450918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Kuciel S, Liber-Kneć A (2011) Biocomposites based on PHB filled with wood or kenaf fibers. Polimery 56:218–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Gunning MA, Geever LM, Killion JA, Lyons JG, Higginbotham CG (2013) Mechanical and biodegradation performance of short natural fibre polyhydroxybutyrate composites. Polym Test 32:1603–1611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.10.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Wong S, Shanks R, Hodzic A (2002) Properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) composites with flax fibres modified by plasticiser absorption. Macromol Mater Eng 287:647–655. https://doi.org/10.1002/1439-2054(200210)287:10<647::AID-MAME647>3.0.CO;2-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Berthet MA, Angellier-Coussy H, Chea V, Guillard V, Gastaldi E, Gontard N (2015) Sustainable food packaging: valorising wheat straw fibres for tuning PHBV-based composites properties. Compos Part A Appl Sci 72:139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.02.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Berthet MA, Angellier-Coussy H, Machado D, Hilliou L, Staebler A, Vincente A, Gontard N (2015) Exploring the potentialities of using lignocellulosic fibres derived from three food by-products as constituents of biocomposites for food packaging. Ind Crop Prod 69:110–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Luo S, Netravali N (1999) Mechanical and thermal properties of environment-friendly “green” composites made from pineapple leaf fibers and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) resin. Polym Compos 20:367–378. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Singh S, Mohanty AK (2007) Wood fiber reinforced bacterial bioplastic composites: fabrication and performance evaluation. Compos Sci Technol 67:1753–1763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.11.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Wong S, Shanks R, Hodzic A (2003) Interfacial improvements in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-flax fibre composites with hydrogen bonding additives. Compos Sci Technol 64:1321–1330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2003.10.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Cunha M, Berthet MA, Pereira R, Hilliou L, Covas JA, Vincente AA (2015) Development of polyhydroxyalkanoate/beer spent grain fibers composites for film blowing applications. Polym Compos 36:1859–1865. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23093

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Singh S, Mohanty AK, Sugie T, Takai Y, Hamada H (2008) Renewable resource based biocomposites from natural fiber and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) bioplastic. Compos Part A Appl Sci 39:875–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.01.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Faruk O, Bledzki AK, Fink HP, Sani M (2014) Progress report on natural fiber reinforced composites. Macromol Mater Eng 299:9–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201300008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Lee BH, Kim HS, Lee S, Kim HJ, Dorgan JR (2009) Bio-composites of kenaf fibers in polylactide: role of improved interfacial adhesion in the carding process. Compos Sci Technol 69:2573–2579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.07.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Daves G (ed) (2003) Materials for automobile bodies. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  97. Koronis G, Silva A, Fontul M (2013) Green composites: a review of adequate materials for automotive applications. Compos Part B Eng 44:120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.07.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal TL, Selke SE, Harte BR, Hinrichsen G (2005) Natural fibers, biopolymers and biocomposites: an introduction. In: Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal TL (eds) Natural fibers, biopolymers and biocomposites. CRC Press/Taylor & Francais Group, Boca Raton, pp 1–36

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  99. Stewart R (2010) Automotive composites offer lighter solutions. Reinf Plast 54:22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-3617(10)70061-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Barrett JSF, Abdala AA, Srienc F (2014) Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) elastomers and their graphene nanocomposites. Macromolecules 47:3926–3941. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma500022x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Kampik M, Domański W, Grzenik M, Majchrzyk K, Musioł K, Tokarski J (2014) Optimization of measurement conditions in laboratory of AD-DC standards (in Polish). PAK 2:73–76

    Google Scholar 

  102. Fernandes EG, Pietrini M, Chiellini M (2004) Bio-based polymeric composites comprising wood flour as filler. Biomacromolecules 5:1200–1205. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm034507o

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Ren H, Liu Z, Zhai H, Cao Y, Omori S (2015) Effects of lignophenols on mechanical performance of biocomposites based on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polypropylene (PP) reinforced with pulp fibers. BioResources 10:432–447. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.1.432-447

    Google Scholar 

  104. Melo JDD, Carvalho LFM, Medeiros AM, Souto CRO, Paskocimas CA (2012) A biodegradable composite material based on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and carnauba fibers. Compos Part B Eng 43:2827–2835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Alberti LD, Souza OF, Bucci DZ, Barcellos IO (2014) Study on physical and mechanical properties of PHB biocomposites with rice hull ash. Mater Sci Forum 775–776:557–561. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.775-776.557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Reinsch VE, Kelley SS (1997) Crystallization of poly(hydroxybutrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) in wood fiber-reinforced composites. J Appl Polym Sci 64:1785–1796. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970531)64:9<1785::AID-APP15>3.0.CO;2-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Dufresne A, Dupeyre D, Paillet M (2003) Lignocellulosic flour-reinforced poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) composites. J Appl Polym Sci 87:1302–1315. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.11546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Błędzki AK, Jaszkiewicz A (2010) Mechanical performance of biocomposites based on PLA and PHBV reinforced with natural fibres – a comparative study to PP. Compos Sci Technol 70:1687–1696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.06.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Shibata M, Takachiyo KI, Ozawa K, Yosomiya R, Takeishi H (2002) Biodegradable polyester composites reinforced with short abaca fiber. Compos Part A Appl Sci 85:129–138. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.10665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Ahnkari SS, Mohanty AK, Misra M (2011) Mechanical behaviour of agro-residue reinforced poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), (PHBV) green composites: a comparison with traditional polypropylene composites. Compos Sci Technol 71:653–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech2011.01.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Baiardo M, Zini E, Scandola M (2004) Flax fibre–polyester composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci 35:703–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.02.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Wollerdorfer WM, Bader H (1998) Influence of natural fibres on the mechanical properties of biodegradable polymers. Ind Crop Prod 8:105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(97)10015-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Javadi A, Srithep Y, Pilla S, Lee J, Gong S, Turng LS (2010) Processing and characterization of solid and microcellular PHBV/coir fiber composites. Mater Sci Eng C Mater 30:749–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2010.03.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Lu H, Madbouly SA, Schrader JA, Srinivasan G, McCabe KG, Grewell D, Kessler MR, Graves WR (2014) Biodegradation behavior of poly(lactic acid)(PLA)/distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) composites. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2:2699–2706. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc500440q

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Michel AT, Billington SL (2012) Characterization of poly-hydroxybutyrate films and hemp fiber reinforced composites exposed to accelerated weathering. Polym Degrad Stab 97:870–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.03.04

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Hidayat A, Tachibana S (2012) Characterization of polylactic acid (PLA)/kenaf composie degradation immobilized mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 71:50–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.02.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Serizawa S, Inoue K, Iji M (2006) Kenaf-fiber-reinforced poly(lactc acid) used for electronic product. J Appl Polym Sci 1:618–624. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.23377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Kwon H, Sunthornvarabhas J, Park J, Lee K, Kim H, Piyachomkwan K, Sriroth K, Cho D (2014) Tensile properties of kenaf fiber and cork husk flour reiforced poly(lacic acid) hybrid bio-composites: role of aspect ratio of natural fibers. Compos Part B 56:232–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Gupta N, Jain AK, Asokan P (2014) Mechanical characterization of fully bio-degradable jute fabric reinforced polylactic acid composites. Int J Adv Eng Res Stud 4:111–113

    Google Scholar 

  120. Vilela C, Sousa AF, Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD, Neto CP (2013) Novel sustainable composites prepared from cork residues and biopolymers. Biomass Bioenergy 55:148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Fernandes EM, Correlo VM, Mano JF, Rei RL (2015) Cork-polymer biocomposites: mechanical, structural and thermal properties. Mater Des 82:282–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Ren H, Zhang Y, Zhai H, Chen J (2015) Production and evaluation of biodegradable composites based on polyhydroxybutyrate and polylactic acid reinforced with short and long pulp fibres. Cellul Chem Technol 49:641–652

    Google Scholar 

  123. Seggiani M, Cinelli P, Geicu M, Popa ME, Puccini M, Lazzeri A (2016) Microbiological valorisation of bio-composites based on polylactic acid and wood fibres. Chem Eng Trans 49:127–132. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1649022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Chaitanya S, Singh I (2016) Novel aloe vera fiber reinforced biodegradable composites – development and characterization. J Reinf Plast Compos 35(19):1411–1423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684416652739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Oksman K, Skrifvars M, Selin JF (2003) Natural fibres as reinforcement in polylactic acid (PLA) composites. Compos Sci Technol 63(9):1317–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00103-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Musioł M, Janeczek H, Jurczyk S, Kwiecień I, Sobota M, Marcinkowski A, Rydz J (2015) (Bio)degradation studies of degradable polymer composites with jute in different environments. Fiber Polym 16:1362–1369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-015-1362-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Gunti R, Prasad R, Gupta AV (2016) Mechanical and degradation properties of natural fiber reinforced PLA composites: jute, sisal and elephant grass. Polym Compos. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Petinakis E, Yu L, Edward G, Dean K, Liu H, Scully A (2009) Effect of matrix–particle interfacial adhesion on the mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/wood-flour micro-composites. J Polym Environ 17:83–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-009-0124-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Mathew AP, Oksman K, Sain M (2005) Mechanical properties of biodegradable composites from poly lactic acid (PLA) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). J Appl Polym Sci 97:2014–2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.21779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Zhang Q, Shi L, Nie J, Wang H, Yang D (2012) Study on poly(lactic acid)/natural fibers composites. J Appl Polym Sci 125:E526–E533. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.36852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Nurul Fazita MR, Jayaraman K, Bhattacharyya D, Haafiz MKM, Saurabh CK, Hussin MH, Khalil A (2016) Green composites made of bamboo fabric and poly(lactic) acid for packaging applications – a review. Materials 435:1–29. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9060435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Tao Y, Yan L, Jie R (2009) Preparation and properties of short natural fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 3:s651–s655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(10)60126-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Darwish LR, El-Wakad MT, Farag M, Emara M (2013) The use of starch matrix-banana fiber composites for biodegradable maxillofacial bone plates. In: Proceedings of the 2013 international conference on biology, medical physics, medical chemistry, biochemistry and biomedical engineering (BIOMED), Venice, Italy. ISBN: 978-1-61804-213-2

    Google Scholar 

  134. Avella M, De Vlieger JJ, Errico ME, Fischer S, Vacca P, Volpe MG (2005) Biodegradable starch/clay nanocomposite films for food packaging applications. Food Chem 93(3):467–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.10.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Liu D, Ma Z, Wang Z, Tian H, Gu M (2014) Biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) foams supported by cellulose nanofibrils: processing, structure and properties. Langmuir 30:9544–9550. https://doi.org/10.1021/la502723d

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Laxmeshwar SS, Kumar DJM, Viveka S, Nagaraja GK (2012) Preparation and properties of biodegradable film composites using modified cellulose fibre-reinforced with PVA. ISRN Polym Sci 2012:Article ID 154314, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/154314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Huda MS, Yasui M, Mohri N, Fujimura T, Kimura T (2002) Dynamic mechanical properties of solution-cast poly(L-lactide) films. Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater Prop 333:98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01834-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Ma H, Joo CW (2011) Invrestigation of jute-lignin-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) hybrid biodegradable composites with low water absorption. Fiber Polym 12:310–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-011-0310-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland (NCN SONATA 11 project no. 2016/21/D/ST8/01993, “Multifaceted studies on the (bio)degradability profile of composites of selected biodegradable polymers with natural fillers and bacteriocins”).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, Toruń, Poland

    Sebastian Jurczyk

  2. Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland

    Piotr Kurcok & Marta Musioł

  3. Institute of Chemistry, Environment Protection and Biotechnology, Jan Długosz University of Częstochowa, Częstochowa, Poland

    Piotr Kurcok

Authors
  1. Sebastian Jurczyk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Piotr Kurcok
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marta Musioł
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marta Musioł .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Ingeniería Civil Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico

    Leticia Myriam Torres Martínez

  2. Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico

    Oxana Vasilievna Kharissova

  3. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León UANL, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico

    Boris Ildusovich Kharisov

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Jurczyk, S., Kurcok, P., Musioł, M. (2019). Multifunctional Composite Ecomaterials and Their Impact on Sustainability. In: Martínez, L., Kharissova, O., Kharisov, B. (eds) Handbook of Ecomaterials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68255-6_130

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation