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Immunecomputing

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Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science

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Definition of the Subject

Immunecomputing, or artificial immune systems (AIS), has recently emerged as a computational intelligence approach that shows great promise. Inspired by the complexity of the immune system, computer scientists and engineers have created systems that in some way mimic or capture certain computationally appealing properties of the immune system, with the aim of building more robust and adaptable solutions. AIS have been defined by de Castro and Timmis (2002b) as:

adaptive systems, inspired by theoretical immunology and observed immune functions, principle and models, which are applied to problem solving.

However, in order to build AIS, an interdisciplinary approach is required that employs modeling of immunology (both mathematical and computational) in order to understand the underlying complexity inherent within the immune system. AIS do not rival their natural counterparts; they do not exhibit the same level of complexity or even perform the same function, but...

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Abbreviations

Affinity :

Measure or tightness of the binding between an antigen-combining site and an antigenic determinant; the stronger the binding, the higher the affinity.

Antibody :

A soluble protein molecule produced and secreted by B cells in response to an antigen. Antibodies are usually defined in terms of their specific binding to an antigen.

Antigen :

Any substance that when introduced into the body is capable of inducing an immune response.

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) :

B cells, cells of the monocyte lineage (including macrophages as well as dendritic cells), and various other body cells that present antigen in a form that B and T cells can recognize.

B cell :

White blood cells expressing immunoglobulin molecules on its surface. Also known as B lymphocytes, they are derived from the bone marrow and develop into plasma cells that are the main antibody secretors.

Clonal selection theory :

A theory that states that the specificity and diversity of an immune response are the result of selection by antigen of specifically reactive clones from a large repertoire of preformed lymphocytes, each with individual specificities.

Complex (MHC) :

Cell-surface molecules (MHC class I and II) that are involved in controlling several aspects of the immune response. MHC genes code for self-markers on all body cells and play a major role in transplantation rejection.

Dendritic cell :

Set of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present in lymph nodes and the spleen and at low levels in blood, which are particularly active in stimulating T cells.

Lymph node :

Small organs of the immune system, widely distributed throughout the body and linked by lymphatic vessels.

Lymphocyte :

White blood cell found in the blood, tissue, and lymphoid organs.

Major histocompatibility :

A group of genes encoding polymorphic.

Pathogen :

A microorganism that causes disease.

T cell :

White blood cell that orchestrates and/or directly participates in the immune defenses.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electronics, Department of Computer Science, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, UK

    Jon Timmis

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  1. Ramtech Ltd., Larkspur, California, USA

    Robert A. Meyers

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Timmis, J. (2015). Immunecomputing. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27737-5_282-3

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