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Metal-Poor Stars and the Chemical Enrichment of the Universe

  • Reference work entry
Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems

Abstract

Metal-poor stars hold the key to our understanding of the origin of the elements and the chemical evolution of the Universe. This chapter describes the process of discovery of these rare stars, the manner in which their surface abundances (produced in supernovae and other evolved stars) are determined from the analysis of their spectra, and the interpretation of their abundance patterns to elucidate questions of origin and evolution.

More generally, studies of these stars contribute to other fundamental areas that include nuclear astrophysics, conditions at the earliest times, the nature of the first stars, and the formation and evolution of galaxies – including our own Milky Way. This is illustrated with results from studies of lithium formed during the Big Bang; of stars dated to within ∼ 1 Gyr of that event; of the most metal-poor stars, with abundance signatures very different from all other stars; and of the buildup of the elements over the first several Gyr. The combination of abundance and kinematic signatures constrains how the Milky Way formed, while recent discoveries of extremely metal-poor stars in the Milky Way’s dwarf galaxy satellites constrain the hierarchical build-up of its stellar halo from small dark-matter dominated systems.

Two areas needing priority consideration are discussed. The first is improvement of abundance analysis techniques. While one-dimensional, local thermodynamic equilibrium (1D/LTE) model atmospheres provide a mature and precise formalism, proponents of more physically realistic 3D/non-LTE techniques argue that 1D/LTE results are not accurate, with systematic errors often of order ∼ 0.5 dex or even more in some cases. Self-consistent 3D/non-LTE analysis as a standard tool is essential for meaningful comparison between the abundances of metal-poor stars and models of chemical enrichment.

The second need is for larger samples of metal-poor stars, in particular those with [Fe/H] < − 4 and those at large distances (20–50 kpc), including the Galaxy’s ultra-faint dwarf satellites. With future astronomical surveys and facilities, these endeavors will become possible. This will provide new insights into small-scale details of nucleosynthesis as well as large-scale issues such as galactic formation.

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Acknowledgements

A.F. acknowledges support from a Clay Fellowship (administered by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory) and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics for enabling her to prepare this chapter. It is a pleasure to thank M. Asplund, T. C. Beers, N. Christlieb, G. L. Harris, A. Karakas, and H. L. Morrison for their perceptive comments, which led to improvement to the manuscript. The authors also thank N. Christlieb and E. N. Kirby for supplying the high-resolution spectrum of HE 0107–5240 presented in Figs.  3-2 and 3-10 , respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology & Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, 77 Massachusets Ave., 37-664C, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Prof. Anna Frebel

  2. Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Cotter Road, 2611, Canberra, ACT, Australia

    Prof. John E. Norris

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  1. Prof. Anna Frebel
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  2. Prof. John E. Norris
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  1. Department of Physics & Space Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL, USA

    Terry D. Oswalt

  2. Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK

    Gerard Gilmore

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Frebel, A., Norris, J.E. (2013). Metal-Poor Stars and the Chemical Enrichment of the Universe. In: Oswalt, T.D., Gilmore, G. (eds) Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5612-0_3

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