Definition
Layered manganese oxide and iron oxyhydroxide (ferromanganese) deposits formed from direct and very slow precipitation of minerals from seawater onto hard substrates; crusts contain minor but significant concentrations of cobalt, titanium, nickel, platinum, molybdenum, tellurium, zirconium, and other metallic and rare-earth elements sorbed from seawater by the particulate manganese and iron minerals.
Introduction
The existence of iron (Fe)–manganese (Mn) crusts (Fig. 1) has been known for more than a century; however, during early explorations, crusts were not distinguished from manganese nodules. It was not until the early 1980s that a research cruise was dedicated to the investigation of Fe–Mn crusts and their resource potential for cobalt (Halbach et al., 1982). From then until the end of the twentieth century,...
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Bibliography
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Hein, J.R. (2014). Co-Rich Manganese Crusts. In: Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S., Thiede, J. (eds) Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_25-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_25-3
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