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Renal Biomarkers N-Acetyl-Beta-d-Glucosaminidase (NAG), Endothelin, and Their Application

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Biomarkers in Kidney Disease

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Abstract

The risk of acute kidney injury is rising due to aging in the world and with the increased usage of therapeutic agents and diagnostic interventions which are highly nephrotoxic. Kidneys, however, well tolerate with the injury, and with the late rise in nitrogenous waste products such as creatinine and BUN in the blood, the organ damage is underestimated. Biomarkers are being searched to find a more specific and sensitive one for kidney injury diagnosis like cardiac troponins (I and T) which is the gold standard in diagnosing acute coronary syndrome nowadays replaced the total creatine kinase and CK-MB. However, there is still no such a marker available to take place instead of creatinine. N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase is a lysosomal enzyme that leaks into urine which is mainly originated from the proximal tubular cells. This enzyme is defined as being more specific and sensitive to renal tubular injury than creatinine especially with its isoenzymes and when combined with other renal biomarkers, for example, NGAL and Kim-1. N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase is stable in urine, and the variation among individuals is minimal that the spot urine sample is adequate for the assay practically with colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods with its high reproducibility. Endothelins are paracrine hormones that stimulate myocardial contraction and other smooth muscle contraction such as uterus, bronchus, and stomach. They also promote vascular smooth muscle cell growth. Besides they stimulate secretion in kidney, liver, and adrenals. Endothelins are implicated in many pathophysiological conditions such as hypertension, myocardial infarctus, subarachnoidal hemorrhage, and kidney failure.

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Abbreviations

aa:

Amino acid

AKI:

Acute kidney injury

ANP:

Atrial natriuretic peptide

BNP:

Brain natriuretic peptide

cGMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

Cys C:

Cystatin C

ECE:

Endothelin-converting enzyme

ET:

Endothelin

ETA:

Endothelin receptor type A

ETB:

Endothelin receptor type B

GFR:

Glomerular filtration ratio

IL-1:

Interleukin-1

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

IP3:

Inositol trisphosphate

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

NAG:

N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase

NEP:

Neutral endopeptidase

NGAL:

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin

NO:

Nitric oxide

PKC:

Protein kinase C

RBP:

Retinol binding protein

SCr:

Serum creatinine

SRTX:

Sarafotoxin

TGF-B:

Transforming growth factor beta

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Basın Sitesi, 35360, Izmir, Turkey

    Serap Çuhadar

  2. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Giresun University, 28200, Giresun, Turkey

    Tuna Semerci

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  1. Serap Çuhadar
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  2. Tuna Semerci
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Correspondence to Serap Çuhadar .

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  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Çuhadar, S., Semerci, T. (2015). Renal Biomarkers N-Acetyl-Beta-d-Glucosaminidase (NAG), Endothelin, and Their Application. In: Patel, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Kidney Disease. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7743-9_8-1

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