Summary
The clinical efficacy of MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors (MET-TKIs) is hindered by the emergence of acquired resistance, presenting an obstacle to drug discovery. To clarify the mechanisms underlying acquired resistance to MET-TKIs, we established resistance models by continuous exposure of the MET-amplified gastric cancer cell line MKN45 to MET-TKIs, PHA665752 (MKN45-PR) and GSK1363089 (MKN45-GR). Baseline expression and phosphorylation of MET were elevated in MKN45-PR and MKN45-GR compared to MKN45 cells, and higher concentrations of MET-TKIs were required to inhibit MET phosphorylation compared to parental cells. Alterations in MET previously associated with resistance to MET-TKIs were observed in resistant cells, including elevated MET copy number, observed in both resistant lines compared to MKN45 cells, and the Y1230H mutation, detected in MKN45-PR cells. Notably, the growth of resistant lines was lower in the absence of MET-TKIs, suggesting “addiction” to inhibitors. While MKN45-PR cells exhibited a higher S-phase fraction in the absence of PHA665752, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake was identical. Baseline phosphorylation of ATR, Chk1 and p53 and p21waf1/Cip1 expression was higher in MKN45-PR compared to MKN45 cells, and levels were reduced to those observed in untreated MKN45 cells following PHA665752 treatment. Furthermore, targeted knockdown of MET enhanced the growth of MKN45-PR cells. These findings suggest that alterations in MET leading to acquired MET-TKI resistance, may cause excessive MET signaling, subsequent replication stress and DNA damage response, and intra-S-phase arrest in the absence of MET-TKIs. Thus, partial MET inhibition is necessary for resistant cells to proliferate, a phenomenon we refer to as MET-TKI “addiction”.
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Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Global Centers of Excellence Program (H.M.), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (T.M.) and Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (T.M) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, and a Research Grant from the Takeda Science Foundation (T.M).
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Suppl. Figure S1
STAT3 knock-down is associated with increased phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. Day 0: MKN45-PR cells were treated with STAT3 siRNA. Day 1: cells were lysed and immunoblotted for phospho- and total-Akt and ERK1/2 using β-actin as a loading control. (PDF 43 kb)
Suppl. Figure S2
Changes in BrdU uptake in MKN45 and MKN45-PR cells following PHA665752 treatment. Representative plots showing BrdU uptake in cells after treatment with PHA665752 (0 and 0.5 μM) for 8 h are shown. The population of cells incorporating BrdU is shown in the top right corner. (PDF 171 kb)
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Funakoshi, Y., Mukohara, T., Tomioka, H. et al. Excessive MET signaling causes acquired resistance and addiction to MET inhibitors in the MKN45 gastric cancer cell line. Invest New Drugs 31, 1158–1168 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10637-013-9959-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10637-013-9959-2