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Procedural Proportionality: The Remedy for an Uncertain Jurisprudence of Minor Offence Justice

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Abstract

With a focus on the Common Law jurisdiction of England and Wales and the Civil Law jurisdiction of Vietnam, this article provides an analytical framework to address the uncertain jurisprudence of minor offence processes. The article’s approach is to seek an account of crime and criminal process that is most suitable for practice and most compatible with the broad notion of ‘criminal charge’ under international human rights instruments. It is argued that minor offences should be considered forms of less serious crimes that are subject to short periods of imprisonment or non-custodial punishments and dealt with by summary procedures. The fragmentation of minor offences demands an approach to procedural pragmatism and procedural proportionality; that is, the procedure for each type of offence should be proportionate to the severity of punishment and fair as a whole.

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Notes

  1. For a comparative study of European jurisdictions, see: Jehle and Wade (2006).

  2. Stevenson and Harris (2008).

  3. In England and Wales, 95% of criminal cases are summary ones (Sprack 2011, 164).

  4. Ashworth and Zedner (2008).

  5. Simester et al. (2013, 180).

  6. E.g., see: Lamond (2007), Law Commission of Canada (2004), Cf. Melissaris (2014), Cf. Hörnle (2014).

  7. E.g., see: Duff et al. (2010), Ashworth and Zedner above n 4, Ashworth (2000), Husak ( 2008, 104), Guinchard (2005), Slobogin (2005).

  8. Bui (2016).

  9. Hirschl (2005).

  10. National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (2009, 11).

  11. Garner (2009, 1089).

  12. See: Natapoff (2012, 2015), Kohler-Hausmann (2013, 2014).

  13. Mann (2013, 694–695).

  14. von Hirsch and Ashworth (2005, 132).

  15. Ibid. 186.

  16. E.g., see: Criminal Procedure Rules (England and Wales) 2014 Rule 1.1 (Overriding Objective).

  17. Finkelstein (2000), Stuntz (2001).

  18. Cf. Volokh (2004).

  19. Council of Europe (1984, [18]).

  20. Stevenson and Harris, above n 2.

  21. In the 10-year period between 1997 and 2006, the Labour Government created more than 3000 new offences in England and Wales (Kirsty Walker, 3000 New Criminal Offences Created Since Tony Blair Came to Power DailyMail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-400939/3-000-new-criminal-offences-created-Tony-Blair-came-power.html.

  22. Interpretation Act 1978 sch. 1 (b).

  23. UK Government, Criminal Courts. https://www.gov.uk/courts/magistrates-courts.

  24. Criminal Proceedings Code 2003 Article 319.

  25. Ibid. Article 324(2)(5).

  26. Criminal Code 1999 Article 8(3).

  27. Brown (2014, 863).

  28. Chalmers and Leverick (2013).

  29. Ashworth, above n 7, 228.

  30. Hyde (2012, 4). http://www.bailii.org/uk/other/journals/WebJCLI/2012/issue4/hyde4.html.

  31. Ashworth, above n 7, 228.

  32. Thornburgh (2007).

  33. Green (1997).

  34. Sayre (1933).

  35. Ashworth, above n 7, 228.

  36. Hart (1958), Lamond, above n 6, 631–632, Thorburn (2011, 105), Tadros (2010), Husak, above n 7, 119, Luna (2005), Thornburgh, above n 32.

  37. Duff (2010b), Duff (2007, 92), Green, above n 33, Cartwright (2004, 244–249), Ferguson (2011).

  38. Seidman (1996).

  39. Biber and Ruhl (2014, footnote 4).

  40. Norris and Phillips (2011, 95).

  41. A.P. Simester, 'Is Strict Liability Always Wrong?' in A.P. Simester (ed), Appraising Strict Liability (Oxford University Press, 2005) 21.

  42. Pearks, Gunston & Tee Ltd. v Ward (1902) 2 KB 1 [11].

  43. Cartwright, above n 37, 69.

  44. Ashworth, above n 7, 228 (footnote 12). Ashworth also confirms this idea in his later work: ‘Sometimes the connotation is that this class of offenses is less serious, but that cannot be accepted, since there are … plenty of offenses in environmental protection or in financial market regulation that carry significant maximum sentences such as five or seven years imprisonment’ (Ashworth 2008).

  45. See: A. Menarini Diagnostics S.R.L. v Italy (2011) (ECtHR) [59].

  46. Oliver (2012).

  47. Ministry of Justice, Swift and Sure Justice: The Government's Plans for Reform of the Criminal Justice System (2012), HM Government and College of Policing, Consultation on Out of Court Disposals (2013), Office for Criminal Justice Reform (2010).

  48. Ministry of Justice, above n 47.

  49. McBarnet (1981).

  50. Garner, above n 11, 11.

  51. Robinson (2001), Slobogin (2003), Husak (2011).

  52. Peerenboom (2004), Biddulph (2007).

  53. Green (2008).

  54. Ashworth and Zedner, above n 4, 46.

  55. Crime and Disorder Act 1998s. 1(1)(a).

  56. Act on Handling of Administrative Offences 2012 Articles 90, 92, 94; Decree 111/2013/ND-CP on the Application of the Administrative Handling Measure—Education in Commune, Ward or Township 2013, Article 4.

  57. Ashworth and Zedner (2010).

  58. Cornford (2012).

  59. Dimock (2015).

  60. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Her Majesty's Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate (2011. 24); Law Commission (2010, 161).

  61. Macrory (2013), Maurici and Macrory (2009); Environmental Civil Sanctions (England) Order 2010.

  62. Ashworth (2004), Ashworth and Zedner, above n 57, Brown (2013).

  63. R. (on the application of McCann) v Manchester Crown Court; Clingham v Kensington and Chelsea Royal London Borough Council R (McCann & others) v Crown Court at Manchester and another (2002) UKHL 39.

  64. See: e.g., Husak (2004), Jareborg (2004).

  65. Lamond, above n 6, 627–628.

  66. Blackstone (1897, 585).

  67. Duff, above n 37, 140–141.

  68. Lamond, above n 6, 629.

  69. Dagger (2009).

  70. Farmer (2010, 233).

  71. E.g., Trade Descriptions Act 1968 s.14(1).

  72. Green, above n 33, 1574.

  73. Tyler (1990, 44).

  74. Green, above n 33, 1573.

  75. Dworkin (1977, 9).

  76. Husak, above n 7, 104–105; Duff, Answering for Crime: Responsibility and Liability in the Criminal Law, above n 37, 90.

  77. Ohana (2014, 1085–1086).

  78. Weigend (1988).

  79. Hildebrandt (2009, 44).

  80. Hildebrandt (2011, 526).

  81. Dagger, above n 69, 155, Feinberg (1986, 19–22), Braithwaite and Pettit (1993, 94).

  82. Jehle and Wade (eds), above n 1, 33.

  83. Woods (2015), Cf. Natapoff, 'Misdemeanor Decriminalization', above n 12, 1065.

  84. Jehle and Wade (eds), above n 1, 33.

  85. Natapoff, 'Misdemeanor Decriminalization', above n 12, 1077–1078.

  86. E.g., see: Guinchard, above n 7, 730.

  87. E.g., see: Macrory (2006).

  88. E.g., see: R. (on the application of McCann) v Manchester Crown Court; Clingham v Kensington and Chelsea Royal London Borough Council R (McCann & others) v Crown Court at Manchester and another (2002) UKHL 39.

  89. Cf. Natapoff, 'Misdemeanor Decriminalization', above n 12, 1055.

  90. Lamond, above n 6, 629.

  91. Ferguson, above n 37, 275.

  92. Duff (2010c) 104.

  93. A. Menarini Diagnostics S.R.L. v Italy (2011) (ECtHR) [59].

  94. Engel v Netherlands (1976) 1 EHRR 647. Andrew Ashworth describes this as ‘anti-subversion doctrine’ (Ashworth, 'Social Control and "Anti-social Behaviour": The Subversion of Human Rights?', above n 62, 268).

  95. Engel v Netherlands (1976) 1 EHRR 647 [82].

  96. United Nations Human Rights Committee (2007, [15]).

  97. E.g., breaches of traffic law (Öztürk v Germany (1984) 6 EHRR 409); breaches of competition law (A. Menarini Diagnostics S.R.L. v Italy (2011) (ECtHR)).

  98. International Transport Roth GmbH & Ors v Secretary of State For the Home Department (2002) EWCA Civ 158 [37] (per Brown LJ).

  99. Ormerod (2011, 15).

  100. Williams (1955).

  101. Sprack, above n 3, 125.

  102. Dannecker (2013, 222).

  103. Feinberg, above n 81, 19–22; Braithwaite and Pettit, above n 81, 94.

  104. Ashworth and Zedner, above n 4, 45.

  105. Lamond, above n 6, 631; R. (on the application of McCann) v Manchester Crown Court; Clingham v Kensington and Chelsea Royal London Borough Council R (McCann & others) v Crown Court at Manchester and another (2002) UKHL 39.

  106. Environmental Civil Sanctions (England) Order 2010 s. 10(2); Food and Rural Affairs Department for Environment, Civil Sanctions for Environmental Offences (2010) [6.8].

  107. R. (on the application of McCann) v Manchester Crown Court; Clingham v Kensington and Chelsea Royal London Borough Council R (McCann & others) v Crown Court at Manchester and another (2002) UKHL 39.

  108. Spencer and Pedain (2005, 239).

  109. Jansen (2013), Jansen and Langbroek (2007).

  110. Nguyen (2008).

  111. E.g., Hildebrandt, above n 79, 67; Guinchard, above n 7, 734, Nguyen (2011).

  112. Mann (1992).

  113. Posner (2003, 59).

  114. International Transport Roth GmbH and Ors v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] EWCA Civ 158, [2003] QB 728 [33].

  115. Simester et al, above n 5, 7.

  116. Ashworth, 'Conceptions of Overcriminalization', above n 44, 409, 424 (emphasis added).

  117. Duff, above n 37, 144.

  118. Tadros, above n 36, 164.

  119. Steiker (1997).

  120. Green, above n 53, 54.

  121. Teixeira de Castro v Portugal (1999) 28 EHRR 101 [36]. See also: Saunders v United Kingdom (1997) 23 EHRR 313 [74].

  122. O’Halloran and Francis v United Kingdom (G.C.) (2008) 46 EHRR 397 [53].

  123. Dripps (2011, 410).

  124. McBarnet, above n 49, 123.

  125. For an analysis of tiers of criminal justice in England and Wales, see: Bui (2015).

  126. See: Criminal Procedure Rules (England and Wales) 2014 Rule 1.1 (Overriding Objective).

  127. Maciej Bernatt, 'Administrative Sanctions: Between Efficiency and Procedural Fairness' (2016) 9(1) Review of European Administrative Law 5, 5.

  128. On the contrary, in England and Wales, the tier of trivial offences (out-of-court disposals) is enjoying a higher level of fair trial rights in comparison with the tier of regulatory offences. (See: Bui 2017).

  129. Melissaris, above n 6, 364.

  130. Husak, above n 51, 1181.

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  • Crime and Disorder Act 1998

  • Criminal Code 1999

  • Criminal Procedure Rules (England and Wales) 2014

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  • A. Menarini Diagnostics S.R.L. v Italy (2011) (ECtHR)

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Acknowledgements

This article is part of a doctoral thesis that I undertook at Macquarie University. I would like to express my thanks to Carlos L. Bernal-Pulido and Niloufer Selvadurai for their guidance and comments. I am also very grateful to Rodrigo Camarena González, anonymous reviewers, and editors for their comments on numerous drafts of this article.

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  1. Lecturer, Law School, Vietnam National University Hanoi, E1 144 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Dat T. Bui

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Bui, D.T. Procedural Proportionality: The Remedy for an Uncertain Jurisprudence of Minor Offence Justice. Criminal Law, Philosophy 12, 83–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-017-9413-1

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