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Activated charcoal: as burn rate modifier and its mechanism of action in non-metalized composite solid propellants

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Abstract

Modification of composite solid propellant burning rates becomes a requirement based on the necessities of a mission. Literature discusses about various burn rate modifiers which can modify the burning rates effectively. This paper attempts to understand the behavior and mechanism of (dry) activated charcoal (a recently reported burn rate modifier) in composite solid propellant combustion. Extensive experimental studies are performed to achieve this objective. Effects of activated charcoal are studied on the individual components (fuel and oxidizer) of a composite solid propellant. Its behavior when present at various locations in a sandwich propellant and the quenched surface structures these sandwich propellants is also studied. These studies are further extended to composite propellants as well. From these studies, it is concluded that activated charcoal acts on the primary diffusion flame and enhances the binder melt flow over the surface. The unique features observed with activated charcoal (enhancement in burning the rates is observed only at low pressures and burn rate pressure index reduced) are justified with the proposed mechanism and site of its action. Understanding the mechanism of activated charcoal provided an opportunity to tailor a propellant composition, with activated charcoal coated on ammonium perchlorate, which exhibited very high burning rates (17.34 mm/s at 70 bar) and a near plateau burning (n ~0.08) in the pressure range of 20–70 bar. Also, this paper proposes a mechanism, as to what causes a propellant to have a relatively larger binder melt flow and consequently lower n has been answered.

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Abbreviations

AC:

Activated charcoal

AP:

Ammonium perchlorate

CC:

Copper chromite

Cu2O:

Cuprous oxide

DOA:

Dioctyl adipate

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

HTPB:

Hydoxyl terminated poly butadiene

IO:

Iron oxide

IPDI:

Isophorone di-isocynate

LiF:

Lithium fluoride

LPDL:

Low pressure deflagration limit

n :

Burn rate pressure index

PDF:

Primary diffusion flame

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

TGA:

Thermal gravimetric analysis

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, India

    Kumar Ishitha & P. A. Ramakrishna

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  1. Kumar Ishitha
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  2. P. A. Ramakrishna
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Correspondence to P. A. Ramakrishna.

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Ishitha, K., Ramakrishna, P.A. Activated charcoal: as burn rate modifier and its mechanism of action in non-metalized composite solid propellants. Int J Adv Eng Sci Appl Math 6, 76–96 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12572-014-0112-z

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