Abstract
We propose an improvement of an analytical approach presented previously for determining the surface shape formed during laser cladding process at the goods manufacturing in additive technologies. The approach is based on the balance of pressures on the liquid metal surface, which occurs under the gravity and surface tension. A method generalization is proposed for the case of a curvilinear shape of a substrate, which allows determining the surface ge-ometry at arbitrary contact angles for single beads, vertical walls, and coatings formed by overlapping beads. The verification of the considered approach was carried out for laser cladding problems with the use of experimental data obtained by other authors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A.J. Pinkerton and L. Li, An investigation of the effect of pulse frequency in laser multiple-layer cladding of stainless steel, Applied Surface Sci., 2003, Vol. 208, 209, P. 405–410.
P. Peyre, P. Aubry, R. Fabbro, R. Neveu, and A. Longuet, Analytical and numerical modeling of the direct metal deposition laser process, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2008, Vol. 41, No. 2, P. 025403–1-025403-10.
D. Novichenko, A. Marants, L. Thivillon, Ph. Bertrand, and I. Smurov, Metal matrix composite material by direct deposition, Physics Procedia, 2011, Vol. 12, P. 296–302.
H. El Cheikh, B. Courant, S. Branchua, J.-Y. Hascoët, and R. Guillén, Analysis and prediction of single laser tracks geometrical characteristics in coaxial laser cladding process, Optics and Lasers in Engng, 2012, Vol. 50, P. 413–422.
D.V. Bedenko and O.B. Kovalev, Modelling of heat and mass transfer in the laser cladding during direct metal deposition, Thermophysics and Aeromechanics, 2013, Vol. 20, No. 2, P. 251–261.
B. Cárcel, A. Serrano, J. Zambrano, V. Amigó, and A.C. Cárcel, Laser cladding of TiAl intermetallic alloy on Ti6Al4V. Process optimization and properties, Physics Procedia, 2014, Vol. 56, P. 284–293.
D.V. Bedenko, O.B. Kovalev, I. Smurov, and A.V. Zaitsev, Numerical simulation of transport phenomena, for-mation the bead and thermal behavior in application to industrial DMD technology, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 2016, Vol. 95, P. 902–912.
Z. Gan, H. Liu, S. Li, X. He, and G. Yu, Modeling of thermal behavior and mass transport in multi-layer laser additive manufacturing of Ni-based alloy on cast iron, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 2017, Vol. 111, P. 709–722.
C. Lalas, K. Tsirbas, K. Salonitis, and G. Chryssolouris, An analytical model of the laser clad geometry, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2007, Vol. 32, P. 34–41.
I.L. Emelyanov, Influence of the forces of surface tension and external pressure on the shape of deposited bead, Trudy Leningradskogo instituta inzhenerov vodnogo transporta, 1972, Vol. 135, P. 135–145.
K. Nishiguchi, T. Ohji, and H. Matsui, Fundamental research on bead formation in overlaying and fillet welding processes (Report 1). Surface tensional analysis of bead surface profile, J. Japan Welding Soc., 1976, Vol. 45, P. 82–87.
B.M. Berezovsky and V.A. Stikhin, Influence of forces of surface tension on formation reinforcement of weld, Svarochnoe proizvodstvo, 1977, No. 1, P. 51–53.
B.M. Berezovsky and A.V. Stikhin, Optimization of the formation of a metal layer in arc deposition, Welding International, 1991, Vol. 5, No. 11, P. 888–891.
I.M. Fedotkin, Mathematical Modeling of Technological Processes, Vyshcha Shkola, Kiev, 1988.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The work was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 18-19-00430).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bedenko, D.V., Kovalev, O.B. Analytical approach for determining the surface shape of a liquid metal under laser cladding conditions. Thermophys. Aeromech. 25, 741–750 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869864318050104
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869864318050104