Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Immune Responses againstHIV-2

  • Chapter
Human Retroviral Infections

Part of the book series: Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis ((IAPA))

  • 111 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Clavel, F., Guetard, D., Brun-Vezinet, E, Chamaret, S., Rey, M. A., Santos-Ferreira, M. O., Laurent, A. G., Dauguet, C., Katlama, C., Rouzioux, C., Klatzmann, D., Champalimaud, J. L., and Montagnier, L., 1986, Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West African patients with AIDS, Science 233:343–346.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Kanki, P. J., M’Boup, S., Ricard, D., Barin, F., Denis, F., Boye, C., Sangare, L., Travers, K., Albaum, M., Marlink, R., Romet-Lemonne, J.-L., and Essex, M., 1987, Human T-lymphotropic virus type 4 and the human immunodeficiency virus in West Africa, Science 236: 827–831.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Albert, J., Bredberg, U., Chiodi, F., Bbttiger, B., Fenyö, E.-M., Norrby, E., and Biberfeld, G., 1987, A new human retrovirus isolate of West African origin and its relationship to HTLV-IV, LAV-II and HTLV-IIIB, AIDSRes. Hum. Retrovir. 33–10.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Felsenstein, J., 1985, Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap, Evolution 39783–791.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Myers, G., Korber, B., Smith, R. F., Berzofsky, J. A., and Pavlakis, G. N., 1993, Human Retroviruses and AIDS 1993, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Myers, G., Korber, B., Jeang, K. T., Henderson, L., Wain-Hobson, S., and Pavlakis, G. N., 1994, Human Retroviruses and AIDS 1994, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Louwagie, J., McCutchan, F. E., Peeters, M., Brennan, T. P., Sanders-Buell, E., Eddy, G. A., van der Groen, G., Fransen, K., Gershy-Damet, G.-M., Deleys, R., and Burke, D. S., 1993, Phylogenetic analysis of gag genes from 70 international HIV-1 isolates provides evidence for multiple genotypes, AIDS 7:769–780.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Jin, M. J., Hui, H., Robertson, D. L., Muller, M. C., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Hirsch, V. M., Allan, J. S., Shaw, P. M., and Hahn, B. H., 1994, Mosaic genome structure of simian immunodeficiency virus from West African green monkeys, EMBOJ. 13:2935–2947.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Breuer, J., Douglas, N. W., Goldman, N., and Daniels, R. S., 1995, Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) env gene analysis: Prediction of glycoprotein epitopes important for heterotypic neutralization and evidence for three genotype clusters within the HIV-2a subtype, J. Gen. Virol. 76:333–345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Myers, G., Hahn, B. H., Mellors, J. W., Henderson, L. E., Korber, B., Jeang, K.-T., Mc-Cutchan, F. E., and Pavlakis, G. N., 1995, Human Retroviruses and AIDS 1995, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Alexander, S., and Elder, J. H., 1984, Carbohydrate dramatically influences immune reactivity of antisera to viral glycoprotein antigens, Science 226:1328–1330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kang, C. Y., Nara, P., Chamat, S., Caralli, V., Ryskamp, T., Haigwood, N., Newman, R., and Kohler, H., 1991, Evidence for non V3 specific neutralizing antibodies that interfere with gp120/CD4 binding in human immunodeficiency infected humans, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:6171–6175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. McKeating, J., Thali, M., Furman, C., Karwowska, S., Gorny, M. R, and Cordell, J,, 1992, Amino acid residues of the HIV-1 gp120 critical for the binding of rat and human neutralizing antibodies that block the gp120-sCD4 interaction, Virology 190:134–142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Nakamura, G. R., Bym, R., Rosenthal, K., Porter, J. P., Hobbs, M. R., Riddle, L., Eastman, D. J., Dowbenko, D., Gregory, T., Fendly, B. M., and Berman, P. W., 1992, Monoclonal antibodies to the extracellular domain of HIV-1 IIIB gp160 that neutralize infectivity, block binding to CD4 and react with diverse isolates, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 8:1875–1885.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Thali, M., Furman, C., Ho, D. D., Robinson, J., Tilley, S., Pinter, A., and Sodroski, J., 1992. Discontinuous conserved neutralization epitopes overlapping the CD4 binding region of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein, J. Virol. 66:5635–5641.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Posner, M. R., Cavacini, L. A., Emes, C., Power, J., and Bym, R., 1993, Neutralization of HIV-1 by F105, a human monoclonal antibody to the CD4 binding site of gpl20,J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:7–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Cavacini, L. A., Emes, C. L., Power, J., Underdahl, J., Goldstein, R., Mayer, R, and Posner, M. R., 1993, Loss of serum antibodies to a conformational epitope of HIV-1/gp120 identified by a human monoclonal antibody is associated with disease progression, J. Acquired Immune Defic, Syndr. 6:1093–1102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Weiss, R. A., Clapham, P. R., Weber, J., Cheingsong-Popov, R., Dalgleish, A., Carne, A., Weller, I., and Tedder, R. S., 1985, Neutralisation of human T-lymphotropic virus type III by sera of AIDS and AIDS-risk patients, Nature 316:69–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Rank, A., Weiss, S. H., Valle, S. L., Antonen, J., and Krohn, K. J. E., 1987, Neutralizing antibodies in HIV (HTLV-III) infection: Correlation with clinical outcome and antibody response against different viral proteins, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 69:231–239.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Weiss, R. A., Clapham, P., Weber, J. N., Whitby, D., Tedder, R. S., O’Connor, T., Chamaret, S., and Montagnier, L., 1988, HIV-2 antisera cross-neutralize HIV-1, AIDS 2:95–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Böttiger, B., Karlsson, A., Naucler, A., Andreasson, P. Å, Mendes Costa, C., and Biberfeld, G., 1989, Cross-neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 (HTLV-IIIB and HTLV-III RF) and HIV-2 (SBL-6669 and a new isolate SBL-K135). AIDSRes. Hum. Retrovir. 5:511–519.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Böttiger, B., Karlson, A., Andreasson, P. A., Naucler, A., Mendes Costa, C., Norrby, E., and Biberfeld, G., 1990, Envelope cross reactivity between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 detected by different serological methods: Correlation between cross neutralization and reactivity against the main neutralizing site, J. Virol. 64:3492–3499.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cairns, J. S., and D’souza, M. P., 1998, Chemokines and HIV-1 second receptors: The therapeutic connection, Nature Med. 4:563–568.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mörner, A., Björndal, Å., Albert, J., KewalRamani, V., Littman, D. R., Thorstensson, R., Fenyö, E.-M., and Björling, E., 1999, Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolates, like immunodeficiencyvirus type 1 (HIV-l), frequently use CCR5 but show promiscuity in coreceptor usage, J. Virol. 73:2343–2349.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. McKnight, A., Shotton, C., Cordell, J., Jones, I., Simmons, G., and Clapham, P. R., 1996, Location, exposure and conservation of neutralizing and nonneutralizing epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus type 2 SU glycoprotein, J. Virol. 70:4598–4606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Norrby, E., Putkonen, P., Böttiger, B., Utter, G., and Biberfeld, G., 1991, Comparison of linear antigenic sites in the envelope proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 2 and type 1, AIDSRes. Hum. Retrovir. 7:279–285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mannervik, M., Putkonen, P., Ruden, U., Kent, K. A., Norrby, E., Wahren, B., and Broliden, P.-A., 1992, Identification of B-cell antigenic sites on HIV-2 gp125,J. AcquiredImmuneDefic. Syndr.5:177–187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. de Wolf, F., Meloen, R. H., Bakker, M., Barin, F., and Goudsmit, J., 1991, Characterization of human antibody-binding sites on the external envelope of human immunodeficiency virus type 2,J. Gen. Viral. 72:1261–1267.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Björling, E., Broliden, K., Bernardi, D., Utter, G., Thorstensson, R., Chiodi, F., and Norrby, E., 1991, Hyperimmune antisera against synthetic peptides representing the glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 can mediate neutralization and antibody-dependent cytotoxic activity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:6082–6086.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Traincard, F., Rey-Cuille, M. A., Huon, I., Dartevelle, S., Mazie, J. C., and Benichou, S., 1994, Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoproteins, AIDSRes. Hum. Retrovir. 10:1659–1667.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Skott, P., Achour, A., Norin, M., Thorstensson, R., and Björling, E., 1999, Characterization of neutralizing sites in the second variable (V2), second constant (C2) and fourth variable (V4) region in the gp125 and a conserved region in the gp36 of human immunodeficiency virus type 2, Vir. Immunol. 1:79–88.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Babas, T., Benichou, S., Guetard, D., Montagnier, L., and Bahraoui, E., 1994, Specificity of antipeptide antibodies produced against V2 and V3 regions of the external envelope of human immunodeficiency virus type 2, Mol. Immunol. 31:361–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Javaherian, R, Langlois, A. J., McDanal, C., Ross, K. L., Eckler, L. I., Jellis, C. L., Profy, A. T., Rusche, J. R., Bolognesi, D. P., Putney, S. D., and Matthews, T. J., 1989, Principal neutralizing domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6768–6772.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Matthews, T. J., Langlois, A. J., Robey, W. G., Chang, N. T., Gallo, R. C., Fischinger, P. J., and Bolognesi, D. P., 1986, Restricted neutralization of divergent human T-lymphotropic virus type III isolates by antibodies to the major envelope glycoprotein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:9709–9713.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Putney, S. D., Matthews, T. J., Robey, W. G., Lynn, D. L., Robert-Guroff, M., Mueller, W. T., Langlois, A., Ghrayeb, J., Petteway, S. R., Weinhold, K. J., Fischinger, P. J., Wong-Staal, F., Gallo, R. C., and Bolognesi, D. P., 1986, HTLV-III/LAV-neutralizing antibodies to an E. coli-produced fragment of the virus envelope, Science 234:1392–1395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Robey, W. G., Arthur, L. O., Matthews, T. J., Langlois, A., Copeland, T. D., Lerche, N. W., Oroszlan, S., Bolognesi, D. P., Gilden, A. V., and Fischinger, P. J., 1986, Prospect for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection: Purified 120kDa envelope glyco-protein induces neutralizing antibody, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7023–7027.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Goudsmit, J., Boucher, C. A. B., Meloen, R. H., Epstein, L. G., Smit, L., v. d. Hoek, L., and Bakker, M., 1988, Human antibody response to a strain-specific HIV-1 gp120 epitope associated with cell fusioninhibition, AIDS 21:57–164.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Rusche, J. R., Javaherian, K., McDanal, C., Petro, J., Lynn, D. L., Grimalia, R., Langlois, A., Gallo, R. C., Arthur, L. O., Fischinger, P. J., Bolognesi, D. P., Putney, S., and Matthews, T.J., 1988, Antibodies that inhibit fusion of HIV-1 infected cells bind to 24 amino acid sequence of the viral envelope, gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3198–3202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. LaRosa, G. J., Davide, J. P., Weinhold, R, Waterbury, J., Profy, A., Lewis, J., Langlois, A., Dreesman, G., Boswell, R., Shadduck, P., Holley, L., Karplus, M., Bolognesi, D., Matthews, T., Emini, E., and Putney, S., 1990, Conserved sequence and structural elements in the HIV-1principal neutralizing determinant, Science 249:932–935.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Javaherian, K., Langlois, A. J., LaRosa, G. J., Profy, A. T., Bolognesi, D. P., Herlihy, W. C., Putney, S. D., and Matthews, T. J., 1990, Broadly neutralizing antibodies elicited by the hypervariable neutralizing determinant of HIV-1, Science 250:1590–1593.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Robert-Guroff, M., Aldrich, K., Muldoon, R., Stern, T. L., Bansal, G. P., Matthews, T. J., Markham, P. D., Gallo, R. C., and Franchini, G., 1992, Cross-neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus isolates, J. Virol. 66:3602–3608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Mörner, A., Achour, A., Norin, M., Thorstensson, R., and Björling, E., 1999, Fine characterization of a V3-region neutralizing epitope in human immunodeficiency virus type 2, Virus Research 59:49–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Björling, E., Chiodi, F., Utter, G., and Norrby, E., 1994, Two neutralizing domains in the V3 region in the envelope glycoprotein gp125 of HIV type 2, J. Immunol. 152:1952–1959.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Matsushita, S., Matsumi, S., Yoshimura, K., Morikita, T., Murakami, T., and Takatsuki, R, 1995, Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type2 gp120, J. Virol. 69:3333–3340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lasky, L. A., Nakamura, G., Smith, D. H., Fennie, C., Shimasaki, C., Patzer, E., Berman, P., Gregory, T., and Capon, D. J., 1987, Delineation of a region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 glycoprotein critical for interaction with the CD4 receptor, Cell 50:975–985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Dowbenko, D., Nakamura, G., Fennie, C., Shimasaki, C., Riddle, L., Harris, R., Gregory, T., and Lasky, L., 1988, Epitope mapping of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 with monoclonal antibodies, J. Virol. 62:4703–4711.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Cordell, J., Moore, J. P., Dean, C. J., Klasse, P.J., Weiss, R. A., and McKeating, J. A., 1991, Rat monoclonal antibodies to non-overlapping epitopes of HIV-1 gp120 block CD4 binding in vitro, Virology 185:72–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Olshevsky, U., Helseth, E., Furman, C., Li, J., Haseltine, W., and Sodroski, J., 1990, Identification of individual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 amino acids important for CD4 receptor binding, J.Virol. 64:5701–5707.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Cordonnier, A., Montagnier, L., and Emerman, M., 1989, Single amino acid changes in HIV envelope affect viral tropism and receptor binding, Nature 340:571–574.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Keller, R., Peden, K., Paulous, S., Montagnier, L., and Cordonnier, A., 1993, Amino acid changes in the fourth conserved region of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strain HIV-2ROD envelope glycoprotein modulate fusion, J. Virol. 67:6253–6258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Sodroski, J., Goh, W. C., Rosen, K., Campbell, K., and Haseltine, W. A., 1986, Role of the HTLV-III/LAV envelope in syncytium formation and cytopathicity, Nature 322:470–474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kowalski, M., Potz, J., Basiripour, L., Dorfman, T., Goh, W. C., Terwilliger, E., Dayton, A., Rosen, C., Haseltine, W., and Sodroski, J., 1987, Functional regions of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, Science 237:1351–1355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Norrby, E., Biberfeld, G., Chiodi, F., von Gegerfelt, A., Naucler, A., Parks, E., and Lerner, R., 1987, Discrimination between antibodies to HIV and to related retroviruses using sitedirected serology, Nature 329:248–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kent, K. A., Powell, C., Corcoran, T., Jenkins, A., Almond, N., Jones, I., Robinson, J., and Stott, E. J., 1993, Characterization of neutralizing epitopes of simian immunodeficiency virus envelope using monoclonal antibodies, in: Proceedings of the Huitieme Colloque des Cent Gardes, pp.167–172.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Lyerly, H. K., Reed, D. L., Matthews, T. J., Langlois, A. J., Ahearne, P. A., Petteway, S.,Jr., and Weinhold, K. J,, 1987, Anti-gp120 antibodies from HIV seropositive individuals mediate broadly reactive anti-HIV ADCC, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 3:409–422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ahmad, A., and Menezes, J., 1996, Antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity in HIV infections, FASEB J. 10:2928–2966.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Ljunggren, K., Bbttiger, B., Biberfeld, G., Karlsson, A., Fenyö, E.-M., and Jondal, M., 1987, Antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity inducing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus: Presence at different clinical stages, J. Immunol. 139:2263–2267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ljunggren, K., Biberfeld, G., Jondal, M., and Fenyö, E.-M., 1989, Antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity detects group and strain specific antigens among HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolates, J. Virol. 63:3376–3381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. von Gegerfelt, A., Diaz-Pohl, C., Fenyö, E.-M., and Broliden, K., 1993, HIV-2/SIV specific antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity in HlV-2 infected individuals, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 9:883–889.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Sawyer, L. A., Katzenstein, D. A., Henry, R. M., Bone, E.J., Vujcic, L. K., and Williams, C. C., 1990, Possible beneficial effects of neutralizing antibodies and antibodydependent, cellmediated cytotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus infection, AIDSRes. Hum. Retrovir. 6:341–356.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Ojo-Amaize, E., Nishanian, P. G., Heitjan, D. F., Rezai, A., Korns, E., Detels, R., Fahey, J., and Giorgi, J., 1989, Serum and effector cell antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) remains high during human immunodeficiency virus disease progression, J. Clin. Immunol. 9:454–461.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ljunggren, K., Karlsson, A., Jondal, M., and Fenyö, E.-M., 1989, Natural and antibodydependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) in different clinical stages of HIV infections, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 75:184–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Bonavida, B., Katz, J., and Gottlieb, M. S., 1986, Mechanisms of defective NKcell activity in patients with AIDS and AIDS related complex. Defective trigger of NK cells for NKCF production of target cells and partial restoration with IL-2, J. Immunol. 140:2565–2568.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Falk, K., Rotzschke, O., and Ramensee, H.-G., 1990, Cellular peptide composition governed by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, Nature 348:248–251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Marrack, P., and Kappler, J., 1987, The T cell receptor, Science 238:1073–1079.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Davis, M. M., and Bjorkman, P. J., 1988, T-cell receptor genes and T-cell recognition, Nature 334:395–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Garcia, K. C., Degano, M., Stanfield, R. L., Brunmark, A., Jackson, M. R., Peterson, P. A., Teyton, L., and Wilson, I. A., 1996, Structure ofan alpha beta T-cell receptor at 2.5Å and its orientation in the TCR-MHCcomplex, Science 274:209–219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Matis, L. A., 1990, The molecular basis of T-cell specificity, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8:65–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Jorgensen, J., Reay, P., Ehrlich, E. W., and Davis, M. M., 1992, Molecular components of T cell recognition, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 10:835–873.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. McMichael, A. J., and Walker, B. D., 1994, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes: Implications for HIV vaccines, AIDS 8:S155–S173.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Ho, D. D., Neumann, A. U., Perelson, A. S., Chen, W., Leonard, J. M., and Markowitz, M., 1995, Rapid turn over of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV infection, Nature 373:123–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Perelson, A. S., Neumann, A. U., Markowitz, M., Leonard, J. M., and Ho, D. D., 1996, HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: Virion clearance rate, infected cell life span, and viral generation time, Science 271:1582–1586.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ogg, G. S., Jin, X., Bonhoeffer, S., Dunbar, P. R., Nowak, M. A., Monard, S., Segal, J. P., Cao, Y., Rowland-Jones, S. L., Cerundolo, V., Hurley, A., Markowitz, M., Ho, D. D., Nixon, D. F., and McMichael, A. J., 1998, Quantitation of HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and plasma viral RNA, Science 279:2103–2106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. McMichael, A. J., and Phillips, R. E., 1997, Escape of HIV from immune control, Annu. Rev. Immunol 15:271–296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Nixon, D. F., Huet, S., Rothbard, J., Kieny, M. P., Delchambre, M., Thiriart, C., Rizza, C. R., Gotch, F. M., and McMichael, A. J., 1990, An HIV-1 and HIV-2 cross-reactive cytotoxic T-cell epitope, AIDS 4:841–845.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Buseyne, F., Janvier, G., Fleury, B., Schmidt, D., and Riviere, Y., 1994, Multispecific and heterogenous recognition of the gag protein by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from HlV infected patients: Factors other than the MHC control the epitope specificities, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 97:353–360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Rowland-Jones, S., Sutton, J., Ariyoshi, K, Dong, T., Gotch, F., McAdam, S., Whitby, D., Sabally, S., Gallimore, A., Corrah, T., Takiguchi, M., Schultz, T., McMichael, A., and Whittle, H., 1995, HIV-specific cytotoxic T-cells in HIV-exposed but uninfected Gambian women, Nature Med. 1:59–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Voss, G., and Letvin, N., 1996, Definition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 and gp41 cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes and their restricting major histocompatibility complex class I alleles in simian-human immunodeficiency virus infected rhesus monkeys, J. Virol. 70:7335–7340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Bertoletti, A., Cham, F., McAdam, S., Rostron, T., Rowland-Jones, S., Sabally, S., Corrah, T., Ariyoshi, R, and Whittle, H., 1998, Cytotoxic T cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infected patients frequently cross-react with different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clades, J. Virol. 72:2439–2448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ariyoshi, R, Cham, F., Berry, N., Jaffar, S., Sabally, S., Corrah, T., and Whittle, H., 1995, HIV-2 specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity is inversely related to proviral load, AIDS 9:555–559.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Lucchiari-Hartz, M., Bauer, M., Niedermann, G., Maier, B., Meyerhans, A., and Elchmann, R, 1996, Human immune response to HIV-1 Nef. II. Induction of HIV-1/HIV-2 Nef crossreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes in peripheral blood lymphocytes on non-infected healthy individuals, Int. Immunol. 8:588–584.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Gotch, F., McAdam, S. N., Allsopp, C. E., Gallimore, A., Elvin, J., Kieny, M. P., Hill, A. V., McMichael, A. J., and Whittle, H. C., 1993, Cytotoxic T cells in HIV-2 seropositive Gambians. Identification of a virus specific MHC restricted peptide epitope, J. Immunol. 151:3361–3369.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Voss, G., Nick, S., Otteken, A., Luke, W., Stahl-Henning, C., and Hunsmann, G., 1992, Virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in HIV-2 infected cynomolgus macaques, AIDS 6: 1077–1083.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Voss, G., and Hunsmann, G., 1993, Cellular immune response to SIVmac and HIV-2 in macaques: Model for the human HIV-1 infection, J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:969–976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Abimiku, A., Franchini, G., Aldrich, K., Myagkikh, M., Markham, P., Gard, E., Gallo, R., and Robert-Guroff, M., 1995, Humoral and cellular immune responses in rhesus macaques infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2, AIDSRes. Hum. Retrovir. 11:383–393.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Brinchmann, J. E., Gaudernack, G., and Vartdal, F., 1991, CD8+ T cells inhibit HIV replication in naturally infected CD4+ T cells: Evidence for a soluble inhibitor, J. Immunol. 144:2961–2966.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Mackewicz, C., and Levy, J. A., 1992, CD8+ cell anti HIV activity: Non-lytic suppression of virus replication, AIDSRes. Hum. Retrovir. 8:1039–1050.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Walker, C. M., Moody, D., Stites, D. P., and Levy, J. A., 1986, CD8+ lymphocytes can control HIV-1 infection by suppressing viral replication, Science 234:1563–1566.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Walker, C. M., and Levy, J. A., 1989, A diffusible lymphokine produced by CD8+ T lymphocytes suppresses HIV replication, Immunology 66:628–630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Blackbourn, D. J., Locher, C. P., Ramachandran, B., Barnett, S. W., Murthy, K K., Carey, K D., Brasky, K. M., and Levy, J. A., 1997, CD8+ cells from HIV-2-infected baboons control HIV replication, AIDS 11:737–746.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Locher, C. P., Blackbourn, D. J., Barnett, S. W., Murthy, K. K., Cobb, E. K, Rouse, S., Greco, G., Reyes-Teran, G., Brasky, K. M., Carey, K. D., and Levy, J. A., 1997, Superinfection with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 can reactivate virus production in baboons but is contained by a CD8 T cell antiviral response, J. Infect. Dis. 176:948–959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Rosok, B., Voltersvik, P., Larsson, B. M., Albert, J., Brinchmann, J. E., and Åsjö, B., 1997, CD8+ cells from HIV-I type seronegative individuals suppress virus replication in acutely infected cells, AIDSRes. Hum. Retrovir. 13:79–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Maggi, E., Mazzetti, M., Ravina, A., Annunziato, F., deCarli, M., Piccini, M. P., Manetti, R., Carbonari, M., Pesce, A. M., del Prete, G., and Romagnani, S., 1994, Ability of HIV to promote a TH1 to Th0 shift and to replicate preferentially in TH2 and THO cells, Science 265:244–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Travers, K, Mboup, S., Marlink, R., Guèye-Ndiaye, A., Siby, T., Thior, I., Trore, I., Dieng-Sarr, A., Sankalé, J.-L., Mullins, C., Ndoye, I., Hsieh, C.-C., Essex, M., and Kanki, P., 1995, Natural protection against HIV-1 infection provided by HIV-2, Science 268:1612–1615.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, S171 77, Stockholm, Sweden

    Ewa Björling

Authors
  1. Ewa Björling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida

    Kenneth E. Ugen  & Herman Friedman  & 

  2. University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Mauro Bendinelli

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Björling, E. (2002). Immune Responses againstHIV-2. In: Ugen, K.E., Bendinelli, M., Friedman, H. (eds) Human Retroviral Infections. Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46819-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46819-0_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46222-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-46819-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation