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Endnotes and References
Evelyne Shuster, “FiftyYears Later: The Significance of the Nuremberg Code”, New England Journal of Medicine (1997), 337: 1436–1440.
Shuster, note 1, p. 1439.
21 C.F.R. § 312.120(b)(4) (1993).
Shuster, note 1, p. 1440.
Mark S. Frankel, “The Public Health Service Guidelines Governing Research in Human Subjects,” George Washington University Program of Policy Studies in Science and Technology, Monograph No. 10 (Washington, D.C., 1972), pp. 20–21.
Office of the Inspector General, “Institutional Review Boards: ATime for Reform,”OEI-01-97-00193, June 1998.
317 P.2d 170 (Cal. App. 1957).
Jay Katz, The Silent Worldof Doctorand Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984), p. 60. Katz notes that the entire paragraph of the opinion in which the term “informed consent” is first used and recognized “was adopted verbatim, and without attribution, from the amicus curiae submitted by the American College of Surgeons ⋯.”
Nowatske v. Osterloh, 543 N.W.2d 265 (Wis. 1996).
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Summing Up: The Ethical and Legal Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), pp. 20–21.
Sherwin Nuland, M.D., How We Die (N.Y. Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), pp. 252–253.
Ben A. Rich, “The Assault on Privacyin Healthcare Decisionmaking,” Denver University Law Review (1991), 68: 1–55.
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Decidingto Forgo Life Sustaining Treatment (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), p. 23.
George J. Annas, “How We Lie,” Special Supplement, Hastings Center Report (1995), 6: S12–S14.
See, e.g., Rebecca Dresser, “Life, Death, and Incompetent Patients: Conceptual Infirmities and Hidden Values in the Law,” Arizona Law Review (1986), 28: 377–405.
See, e.g., In re Westchester County Med. Center, 531 N.E.2d 607 (1988).
This was especially true of the unsuccessful petition for certiorari by the petitioners in In re Martin, 538 N.W.2d (Mich. 1995).
See note 17 See note 17.
Alan Meisel, Lois Snyder, Timothy Quill, “Seven Legal Barriers to End-of-LifeCare: Myths, Realities, and Grains of Truth,” Journal of the American Medical Association (2000), 284: 2495–2501.
One of the more recent and extensive of these critiques is Susan M. Behuniak, A Caring Jurisprudence: Listening to Patients at the Supreme Court, (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1999).
See, e.g., Keith Schneider, “Scientists Are Sharing the Anguish over Nuclear Experiments on People,” New York Times, March 2, 1994, p. A9.
Leon Kass, “Practicing Ethics: Where’s the Action?” Hastings Center Report (1990), 20: 5–12, p. 10.
One prominent bioethicist recently wrote: “Too many of us who work in hospitals or medical centers run the risk of simply ratifying physicians’ beliefs. We must preserve our independence and our outsider status.” Gregory E. Pence, “Setting A Common, Careful Policy for Bioethics,” Chronicle of Higher Education (2001), 47(18): B20.
George J. Annas, “The Dominance of American Law (and Market Values) Over American Bioethics,” in Meta Medical Ethics:The Philosophical Foundations of Bioethics, Michael A. Grodin, ed., (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995).
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(2002). Lessons Learned and Prospects for the Future of Medical Jurisprudence and Bioethics. In: Strange Bedfellows. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46849-2_10
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