Conclusion
The disadvantages faced by women in mathematics in career access and earning power are not accounted for by cognitive and psycho-social gender differences (Linn & Hyde, 1993). Thus the mythology does not explain the reality. Does the misogyny?
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahern, N. C., & Scott, E. L. (1981). Career outcomes in a matched sample of men and women Ph.D.’s: An analytical report. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
American Mathematical Society. (1991). Special issue: Women in mathematics. Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 38(7), 701–754.
AMS-IMS-MAA Data Committee. (1993). 1993 Annual AMS-IMS-MAA Survey. Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 40(9), 1164–1172.
Belenky, M. F., Clinchy, B. M., Goldberger, N. R., & Tarule, J. M. (1986). Women’s ways of knowing: The development of self, voice and mind. New York: Basic Books.
Benbow, C., & Stanley, J. C. (1980). Sex differences in mathematical ability: Fact or artifact? Science, 210, 1262–1264.
Bergmann, B. B., and Gray, M. W. (1975). Equality in retirement benefits. Civil Rights Digest, 8, 25–27.
Chipman, S. F., Brush, L. R., & Wilson, D. M. (Eds.). (1985). Women and mathematics: Balancing the equation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Connor, K., & Vargyas, E. J. (1989). Gender bias in standardized testing. The Proceedings of a Hearing co-sponsored by the National Commission on Testing and Public Policy and the National Women’s Law Center. Washington, DC: National Commission on Testing and Public Policy.
Dossey, J. A., Mullis, I.V.S., Lindquist, M. M., & Chambers, D. L. (1988). The mathematics report card. Are we measuring up? Princeton: Educational Testing Service.
Dumarin, S. K. (1990). Teaching mathematics: A feminist prospective. In T. J. Cooney (Ed.), Teaching and learning mathematics in the 1990s: 1990 Yearbook (pp. 144–151). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Eccles, J. S., & Jacobs, J. E. (1986). Social forces shape math attitudes and performance. Signs, 11, 367–389.
Fennema, E.(1974). Mathematics learning and the sexes: A review. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 5, 126–139.
Fennema, E, & Leder, G. C. (Eds.). (1990). Mathematics and gender. New York: Teachers College Press.
Fennema, E., & Sherman, J. A. (1978). Sex-related differences in mathematics achievement, spatial visualization, and sociocultural factors. American Educational Research. Journal, 14, 51–71.
Friedman, K. (1989). Mathematics and the gender gap: A meta-analysis of recent studies of sex differences in mathematical tasks. Review of Educational Research, 59, 185–213.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women—s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hanna, G. (1989). Mathematics achievement of girls and boys in grade eight: Results from twenty countries. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 20 (2), 225–232.
Harding, S. (1991). Whose science? Whose knowledge? Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Helson, R. (1971). Women mathematicians and the creative personality. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36, 210–220.
Horner, M. S. (1972). Toward an understanding of achievement-related conflicts in women. Journal of Social Issues, 28, 157–175.
Jackson, A. Are women getting all the jobs? Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 41 (4), 286–287.
Jacobs, J. E., & Eccles, J. S. (1985). Gender differences in math ability: The impact of media reports on parents. Educational Researcher, 14 (3), 20–25.
Keller, E. F. (1985). Reflections on gender and science. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Leggett, A. (1992). Barbie. AWM Newsletter, 22 (6), 12.
Linn, M. C., & Hyde, J. S. (1993). Gender, mathematics, and science. AWM Newsletter, 23 (3), 17–23; 23 (4), 14–17.
Linn, M. C., & Petersen, A. C. (1985). Emergence and characterization of gender differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 56, 1479–1498.
McCoy, L. P. (1994). Mathematical problem-solving processes of elementary male and female students. School Science and Mathematics, 94 (5), 266–270.
National Center for Fair & Open Testing v. Educational Testing Service and College Entrace Examination Board (D.D.C. April 29, 1994).
Pauldi, M. A., & Bauer, W. D. (1983). Goldberg revisited: What’s in an author’s name? Sex Roles, 9, 387–390.
Perl, T. (1979). The Ladies’ Diary or Women’s Almanack 1704–1841. Historica Mathematica, 6 (1), 36–53.
Peterson, P. L., & Fennema, E. (1985). Effective teaching, student engagement in classroom activities, and sex-related differences in learning mathematics. American Educational Research Journal, 22, 309–336.
Ratner, M. (1993). Letter to the editor. AWM Newsletter, 23(5), 17.
Robinson, A., & Katzman, J. (1986). Cracking the system. New York: Villard.
Rosser, P. (1989). The SAT Gender Gap: Identifying the causes. Washington, DC: Center for Women Policy Studies.
Rosser, S. V. (1990). Female-friendly science and applying women’s studies methods and theories to attract students. New York: Pergamon Press.
Selvin, Paul. (1992). Heroism is still the norm. Science, 255, 1382–1383.
Sharif v. New York State Board of Education, 88 Civ. 8435 (JW) (S.D.N.Y. 1988).
Sherman, J., & Fennema, E. (1977). Sex-related differences in spatial visualization, and affective factors. American Educational Research Journal, 14, 51–77.
Stern, N. (1978). Age and achievement in mathematics: A case study in the sociology of science. Social Studies of Science, 8, 127–140.
Tobias, S. (1978). Overcoming math anxiety. New York: Norton.
Uhlenbeck, K. (1993). Address to Department Chairs’ Colloquium of Joint Policy Board of Mathematical Sciences. Arlington, VA.
Wilkinson, L., & Marrett, C. (Eds.). (1985). Gender influences in classroom interaction. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gray, M. (1996). Gender and Mathematics: Mythology and Misogyny. In: Hanna, G. (eds) Towards Gender Equity in Mathematics Education. New ICMI Study Series, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47205-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47205-8_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-3921-2
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47205-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive