Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Human Immunodeficiency Virus From Virus Structure to Pathogenesis

  • Chapter
Structure-Function Relationships of Human Pathogenic Viruses

  • 216 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Accola, M. A., Öhagen, A., and Göttlinger, H. G., 2000, Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cores: retention of Vpr in the absence of p6(gag). J. Virol. 74:6198–6202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albright, A. V., Shieh, J. T., Itoh, T., Lee, B., Pleasure, D., O’Connor, M. J., Doms, R. W., and Gonzalez-Scarano, F., 1999, Microglia express CCR5, CXCR4, and CCR3, but of these, CCR5 is the principal coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 dementia isolates. J. Virol. 73:205–213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aloia, R. C., Tian, H., and Jensen, F. C., 1993, Lipid composition and fluidity of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope and host cell plasma membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 90:5181–5185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, L. O., Bess, J. W., Sowder, R. C., Benveniste, R. E., Mann, D. L., Chermann, J. C., and Henderson, L. E., 1992, Cellular proteins bound to immunodeficiency viruses: implications for pathogenesis and vaccines. Science 258:1935–1938

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, L. O., Bess, J. W., Jr., Urban, R. G., Strominger, J. L., Morton, W. R., Mann, D. L., Henderson, L. E., and Benveniste, R. E., 1995, Macaques immunized with HLA-DR are protected from challenge with simian immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol 69:3117–3124

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, T. S., Olson, N. H., and Fuller, S. D., 1999, Adding the third dimension to virus life cycles: three-dimensional reconstruction of icosahedral viruses from cryo-electron micrographs. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63:862–922, table

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barré-Sinoussi, F., Chermann, J. C., Rey, F., Nugeyre, M. T., Chamaret, S., Gruest, J., Dauguet, C., Axler-Blin, C., Vezinet-Brun, F., Rouzioux, C., Rozenbaum, W., and Montagnier, L., 1983, Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 220:868–871

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, E. A., Doms, R. W., Fenyo, E. M., Korber, B. T., Littman, D. R., Moore, J. P., Sattentau, Q. J., Schuitemaker, H., Sodroski, J., and Weiss, R. A., 1998, A new classification for HIV-1. Nature 391:240

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhard, W., 1960, The detection and study of tumor viruses with the electron microscope. Cancer Res. 20:712–727

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bess, J. W., Gorelick, R. J., Bosche, W. J., Henderson, L. E., and Arthur, L. O., 1997, Microvesicles are a source of contaminating cellular proteins found in purified HIV-1 preparations. Virology 230:134–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bess, J. W., Powell, P. J., Issaq, H. J., Schumack, L. J., Grimes, M. K.., Henderson, L. E., and Arthur, L. O., 1992, Tightly bound zinc in human immunodeficiency virus type 1, human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, and other retroviruses. J. Virol. 66:840–847

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, M. and Ratner, L., 1990, Myristoylation-dependent replication and assembly of human immunodeficiency virus 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 87:523–527

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bugelski, P. J., Maleeff, B. E., Klinkner, A. M., Ventre, J., and Hart, T. K., 1995, Ultrastructural evidence of an interaction between Env and Gag proteins during assembly of HIV type 1. AIDS res. hum. Retroviruses 11:55–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bukrinsky, M. I., Haggerty, S., Dempsey, M. P., Sharova, N., Adzhubel, A., Spitz, L., Lewis, P., Goldfarb, D., Emerman, M., and Stevenson, M., 1993, A nuclear localization signal within HIV-1 matrix protein that governs infection of non-dividing cells. Nature 365:666–669

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CDC, 1981, Kaposi’s sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men — New York City and California. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 30:305–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, D.C., Fass, D., Berger, J. M., and Kim, P. S., 1997, Core structure of gp41 from the HIV envelope glycoprotein. Cell 89:263–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, D. C. and Kim, P. S., 1998, HIV entry and its inhibition. Cell 93:681–684

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chrystie, I. L. and Almeida, J. D., 1988, Further studies of HIV morphology by negative staining. AIDS 2:459–464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chrystie, I. L. and Almeida, J. D., 1989, Recovery of antigenically reactive HIV-2 cores. J. Med. Virol. 27:188–195

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clavel, F., Guetard, D., Brun-Vezinet, F., Chamaret, S., Rey, M. A., Santos-Ferreira, M. O., Laurent, A. G., Dauguet, C., Katlama, C., Rouzioux, C., Klatzmann, D., Champalimaud, J. L. and Montagnier, L., 1986, Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West African patients with AIDS. Science 233:343–346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clavel, F. and Orenstein, J. M., 1990, A mutant of human immunodeficiency virus with reduced RNA packaging and abnormal particle morphology. J. Virol. 64:5230–5234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coffin, J., Haase, A., Levy, J. A., Montagnier, L., Oroszlan, S., Teich, N., Temin, H., Toyoshima, K., Varmus, H., Vogt, P., and Weiss, R., 1986, Human immunodeficiency viruses. Science 232:697

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coffin, J. M., 1995, HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy. Science 267:483–489

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coffin, J. M., Hughes, S.H.J., and Varmus, H.E., 1997, Retroviruses. Cold Spring Harbor, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connor, R. I., Sheridan, K. E., Ceradini, D., Choe, S., and Landau, N. R., 1997, Change in coreceptor use coreceptor use correlates with disease progression in HIV-1-infected individuals. J. Exp. Med. 185:621–628

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, B. R., 1998, HIV-1 auxiliary proteins: making connections in adying cell. Cell 93:685–692

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalgleish, A. G., Marriott, J. B., Souberbielle, B., Montesano, C., Sheikh, J., Sidebottom, D., Westby, M., and Austen, B., 1999, The role of HIV gp120 in the disruption of the immune system. Immunol. Lett. 66:81–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denner, J., 2000, How does HIV induce AIDS? The virus protein hypothesis. J. Hum. Virol. 3:81–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dettenhofer, M. and Yu, X. F., 1999, Highly purified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reveals a virtual absence of Vif in virions. J. Virol. 73:1460–1467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domingo, E., Holland. J.J., Biebricher, C. and Eigen, M. 1995. In: Molecular Basis of Virus Evolution. Eds. A.J. Gibbs, C.H. Calisher, F. Garcia-Arenal. Cambridge Univ Press, UK, pp 181–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dortman, T., Mammano, F., Haseltine, W. A., and Göttlinger, H. G., 1994, Role of the matrix protein in the virion association of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 68:1689–1696

    Google Scholar 

  • Dragic, T., 2001, An overview of the determinants of CCR5 and CXCR4 co-receptor function. J. Gen. Virol. 82:1807–1814

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fäcke, M., Janetzko, A., Shoeman, R. L., and Kräusslich, H. G., 1993, A large deletion in the matrix domain of the human immunodeficiency virus gag gene redirects virus particle assembly from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Virol. 67:4972–4980

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fauci, A. S., 1988, The human immunodeficiency virus: infectivity and mechanisms of pathogenesis. Science 239:617–622

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fauci, A. S., 1996, Host factors and the pathogenesis of HIV-induced disease. Nature 384:529–534

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feorino, P. M., Kalyanaraman, V. S., Haverkos, H. W., Cabradilla, C. D., Warfield, D. T., Jaffe, H. W.. Harrison, A. K., Gottlieb, M. S., Goldfinger, D., Chermann, J. C., Spira, T. T., McDougal, J. S., Curran, J. W., Montagnier, L., Murphy, F. A. and Francis, D. P., 1984. Lymphadenopathy associated virus infection of a blood donor-recipient pair with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Science 225:69–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzon, T., Leschonsky, B., Bieler, K., Paulus, C., Schröder, J., Wolf, H., and Wagner, R., 2000, Proline residues in the HIV-1 NH2-tenninal capsid domain: structure determinants for proper core assembly and subsequent steps or early replication. Virology 268:294–307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forster, M. J., Mulloy, B., and Nermut, M. V., 2000, Molecular modelling study of HIV p17gag (MA) protein shell utilising data from electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography. J. Mol. Biol. 298:841–857

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franke, E. K., Yuan, H. E., and Luban, J., 1994, Specific incorporation of cyclophilin A into HIV-1 virions. Nature 372:359–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, A. D. and Young, J. A., 1998, HIV-1: fifteen proteins and an RNA. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67:1–25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, E. O., 1998, HIV-1 gag proteins: diverse functions in the virus life cycle. Virology 251:1–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, E. O. and Martin, M. A., 1996, Domains of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix and gp41 cytoplasmic tail required for envelope incorporation into virions. J. Virol. 70:341–351

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, S. D., Wilk, T., Gowen, B. E., Kräusslich, H. G., and Vogt, V. M., 1997, Cryo-electron microscopy reveals ordered domains in the immature HIV-1 particle. Curr. Biol. 7:729–738

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganser, B. K., Li, S., Klishko, V. Y., Finch, J. T., and Sundquist, W. I., 1999, Assembly and analysis of conical models for the HIV-1 core. Science 283:80–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, H., Reupke, H., Winkel, T., Kunze, R., and Pauli, G., 1987b, MHC-antigens: constituents of the envelopes of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. Z. Naturforsch. [C.] 42:1328–1334

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, H. R., 1991, Assembly and morphology of HIV: potential effect of structure on viral function [editorial]. AIDS 5:617–637

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, H. R., 1997, Fine structure of HIV and SIV. III-31–III-44, Los Alamos National Laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, H. R., Hausmann, E. H., Özel, M., Pauli, G., and Koch, M. A., 1987a, Fine structure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and immunolocalization of structural proteins. Virology 156:171–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, H. R., Özel, M. and Pauli., G., 1985a, T-Zell-spezifische Retroviren des Menschen: Vergleichende morphologische Klassifizierung und mögliche funktionelle Aspekte. Bundesgesundheitsblatt 28:161–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, H. R., Reupke, H., and Pauli, G., 1985b, Loss of envelope antigens of HTLV-III/LAV, a factor in AIDS pathogenesis? Lancet 2:1016–1017

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, H. R., Özel, M., Hausmann, M., Winkel, T., Pauli, G., and Koch., M.A., 1988, Fine structure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), immunolocalization of structural proteins and virus-cell relation. Micron Microscopica 19:41–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Gentile, M., Adrian, T., Scheidler, A., Ewald, M., Dianzani, F., Pauli, G., and Gelderblom, H. R., 1994, Determination of the size of HIV using adenovirus type 2 as an internal length marker. J. Virol. Methods 48:43–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gheysen, D., Jacobs, E., de Foresta, F., Thiriart, C., Francotte, M., Thines, D., and De Wilde, M., 1989, Assembly and release of HIV-1 precursor Pr55gag virus-like panicles from recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells. Cell 59:103–112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gluschankof, P., Mondor, I., Gelderblom, H. R., and Sattentau, Q. J., 1997, Cell membrane vesicles are a major contaminant of gradient-enriched human immunodeficiency virus type-1 preparations. Virology 230:125–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonda, M. A., Wong-Staal, F., Gallo, R. C., Clements, J. E., Narayan, O., and Gilden, R. V., 1985, Sequence homology and morphologic similarity of HTLV-III and visna virus, a pathogenic lentivirus. Science 227:173–177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonda, M.A., 1988, Molecular genetics and structure of the human immunodeficiency virus. J. Electron Microsc. Techn. 8: 17–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorelick, R. J., Gagliardi, T. D., Bosche, W. J., Wiltrout, T. A., Coren, L. V., Chabot, D. J., Lifson, J. D., Henderson, L. E., and Arthur, L. O., 1999, Strict conservation of the retroviral nucleocapsid protein zinc finger is strongly influenced by its role in viral infection processes: characterization of HIV-1 particles containing mutant nucleocapsid zinc-coordinating sequences. Virology 256:92–104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorelick, R. J., Henderson, L. E., Hanser, J. P., and Rein, A., 1988, Point mutants of Moloney murine leukemia virus that fail to package viral RNA: evidence for specific RNA recognition by a “zinc finger-like” protein sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 85:8420–8424

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorelick, R. J., Nigida, S. M., Bess, J. W., Arthur, L. O., Henderson, L. E., and Rein, A., 1990. Noninfectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutants deficient in genomic RNA. J. Virol. 64:3207–3211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goto, T., Ikuta, K., Zhang, J. J., Morita, C., Sano, K., Komatsu, M., Fujita, H., Kato, S., and Nakai, M., 1990, The budding of defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles from cell clones persistently infected with HIV-1. Arch. Virol. 111:87–101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goto, T., Nakai, M., and Ikuta, K., 1998, The life-cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Micron 29:123–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Göttlinger, H. G., Dorfman, T., Sodroski, J. G., and Haseltine, W. A., 1991, Effect of mutations affecting the p6 gag protein on human immunodeficiency virus particle release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:3195–3199

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Göttlinger, H. G., Sodroski, J. G., and Haseltine, W. A., 1989, Role of capsid precursor processing and myristoylation in morphogenesis and infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 86:5781–5785

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grättinger, M., Hohenberg, H., Thomas, D., Wilk, T., Möller, B., and Kräusslich, H. G., 1999, In vitro assembly properties of wild-type and cyclophilin-binding defective human immunodeficiency virus capsid proteins in the presence and absence of cyclophilin A. Virology 257:247–260

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grewe. C., Beck, A., and Gelderblom, H. R., 1990, HIV: early virus-cell interactions. J Aquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. 3:965–974

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grief, C., Hockley, D. J., Fromholc, C. E., and Kitchin, P. A., 1989, The morphology of simian immunodeficiency virus as shown by negative staining electron microscopy. J. Gen. Virol. 70:2215–2219

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross. I., Hohenberg, H., Wilk, T., Wiegers, K., Grättinger, M., Möller, B., Fuller, S., and Kräusslich, H. G., 2000. A conformational switch controlling HIV-1 morphogenesis. EMBO J. 19:103–113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallenberger, S., Bosch, V., Angliker, H., Shaw, E., Klenk, H. D., and Garten, W., 1992, Inhibition of furin-mediated cleavage activation of HIV-1 glycoprotein gp160. Nature 360:358–361

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinzinger, N. K., Bukinsky, M. I., Haggerty, S. A., Ragland, A. M., Kewalramani, V., Lee, M. A., Gendelman, H. E., Ratner, L., Stevenson, M., and Emerman, M., 1994, The Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 influences nuclear localization of viral nucleic acids in nondividing host cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 91:7311–7315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, L. E., Bowers, M. A., Sowder, R. C., Serabyn, S. A., Johnson, D. G., Bess, J. W., Arthur, L. O., Bryant, D. K., and Fenselau, C., 1992, Gag proteins of the highly replicative MN strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: posttranslation modifications, proteolytic processings, and complete amino acid sequences. J. Virol. 66:1856–1865

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, L. E., Sowder, R., Copeland, T. D., Oroszlan, S., Arthur, L. O., Robey, W. G., and Fischinger, P. J., 1987, Direct identification of class II histocompatibility DR proteins in preparations of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III. J. Virol. 61:629–632

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, D. D., Neumann, A. U., Perelson, A. S., Chen, W., Leonard, J. M., and Markowitz, M., 1995, Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 373:123–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hockley, D. J., Wood, R. D., Jacobs, J. P., and Garrett, A. J., 1988, Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus. J. Gen. Virol. 69:2455–2469

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Höglund, S., Öfverstedt, L. G., Nilsson, A., Lundquist, P., Gelderblom, H., Özel, M., and Skoglund, U., 1992, Spatial visualization of the maturing HIV-1 core and its linkage to the envelope. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horuk, R., 1999, Chemokine receptors and HIV-1: the fusion of two major research fields. Immunol. Today 20:89–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoxie, J. A., Fitzharris, T. P., Youngbar, P. R., Matthews, D. M., Rackowski, J. L., and Radka, S. F., 1987, Nonrandom association of cellular antigens with HTLV-III virions. Hum. Immunol. 18:39–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, E., 1994, Macromolecular interactions in the assembly of HIV and other retroviruses. Sem. Virol. 5:71–83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, I. M. and Morikawa, Y., 1998, The molecular basis of HIV capsid assembly. Rev. Med. Virol. 8:87–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, S., Gendelman, H. E., Orenstein, J. M., Dal Canto, M. C., Pezeshkpour, G. H., Yungbluth, M., Janotta, F., Aksamit, A., Martin, M. A., and Fauci, A. S., 1986, Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy. Science 233:1089–1093

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korber, B., Muldoon, M., Theiler, J., Gao, F., Gupta, R., Lapedes, A., Hahn, B. H., Wolinsky, S., and Bhattacharya, T., 2000, Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains. Science 288:1789–1796

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korber, B., Theiler, J., and Wolinsky, S., 1998, Limitations of a molecular clock applied to considerations of the origin of HIV-1. Science 280:1868–1871

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kräusslich, H. G., Fäcke, M., Heuser, A. M., Konvalinka, J., and Zentgraf, H., 1995, The spacer peptide between human immunodeficiency virus capsid and nucleocapsid proteins is essential for ordered assembly and viral infectivity. J. Virol. 69:3407–3419

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kräusslich, H. G. and Welker, R., 1996, Intracellular transport of retroviral capsid components. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 214:25–63

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhmann, S. E., Platt, E. J., Kozak, S. L., and Kabat, D., 2000, Cooperation of multiple CCR5 coreceptors is required for infections by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 74:7005–7015

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaBonte, J. A., Patel, T., Hofmann, W., and Sodroski, J., 2000, Importance of membrane fusion mediated by human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins for lysis of primary CD4-positive T cells. J. Virol. 74:10690–10698

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagaye, S., Derrien, M., Menu, E., Coito, C., Tresoldi, E., Mauclere, P., Scarlatti, G., Chaouat, G., Barré-Sinoussi, F., and Bomsel, M., 2001, Cell-to-cell contact results in a selective translocation of maternal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 quasispecies across a trophoblastic barrier by both transcytosis and infection. J. Virol. 75:4780–4791

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Layne, S. P., Merges, M. J., Dembo, M., Spouge, J. L., Conley, S. R., Moore, J. P., Raina, J. L., Renz, H., Gelderblom, H. R., and Nara, P. L., 1992, Factors underlying spontaneous inactivation and susceptibility to neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus, Virology 189:695–714

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leis, J., Baltimore, D., Bishop, J. M., Coffin, J., Fleissner, E., Goff, S. P., Oroszlan, S., Robinson, H., Skalka, A. M., Temin, H. M., and., 1988, Standardized and simplified nomenclature for proteins common to all retroviruses. J. Virol. 62:1808–1809

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J. A., 1986, The multifaceted retrovirus. Cancer Res. 46:5457–5468

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J. A., 1994, HIV and the Pathogenesis of AIDS. Washington, ASM Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J. A., Hoffman, A. D., Kramer, S. M., Landis, J. A., Shimabukuro, J. M., and Oshiro, L. S., 1984, Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS. Science 225:840–842

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lifson, J. D., Reyes, G. R., McGrath, M. S., Stein, B. S., and Engleman, E. G., 1986, AIDS retrovirus induced cytopathology: giant cell formation and involvement of CD4 antigen. Science 232:1123–1127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liska, V., Spehner, D., Mehtali, M., Schmitt, D., Kirn, A., and Aubertin, A. M., 1994, Localization of viral protein X in simian immunodeficiency virus macaque strain and analysis of its packaging requirements. J. Gen. Virol. 75:2955–2962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Littman, D. R., 1998, Chemokine receptors: keys to AIDS pathogenesis? Cell 93:677–680

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luban, J., Bossolt, K. L., Franke, E. K., Kalpana, G. V., and Goff, S. P., 1993, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein binds to cyclophilins A and B. Cell 73:1067–1078

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mammano, F., Öhagen, A., Hgölund, S., and Göttlinger, H. G., 1994, Role of the major homology region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in virion morphogenesis. J. Virol. 68:4927–4936

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marschang, P., Sodroski, J., Würzner, R., and Dierich, M. P., 1995, Decay-accelerating factor (CD55) protects human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from inactivation by human complement. Eur. J. Immunol 25:285–290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, P. A., Munn, R. J., and Joy, K. I., 1988, Computer emulation of thin section electron microscopy predicts an envelope-associated icosadeltahedral capsid for human immunodeficiency virus. Lab Invest 58:112–118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCune, J. M., 2001, The dynamics of CD4+ T-cell depletion in HIV disease. Nature 410:974–979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meerloo, T., Sheikh, M. A., Bloem, A. C, de Ronde, A., Schutten, M., van Els, C. A., Roholl, P. J., Joling, P., Goudsmit, J., and Schuurman, H. J., 1993, Host cell membrane proteins on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 after in vitro infection of H9 cells and blood mononuclear cells. An immuno-electron microscopic study. J. Gen. Virol. 74:129–135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merigan, T. C. Bartlett J. G. and Bolognesi D. P., 1999, Textbook of AIDS Medicine. Baltimore., Williams and Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Modrow, S., Hahn, B. H., Shaw, G. M., Gallo, R. C., Wong-Staal, F., and Wolf, H., 1987, Computer-assisted analysis of envelope protein sequences of seven human immunodeficiency virus isolates: prediction of antigenic epitopes in conserved and variable regions. J. Virol. 61:570–578

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montefiori, D. C., Cornell. R. J., Zhou, J. Y., Zhou, J. T., Hirsch, V. M., and Johnson, P. R., 1994, Complement control proteins, CD46, CD55, and CD59, as common surface constituents of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses and possible targets for vaccine protection. Virology 205:82–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moog, C., Spenlehauer, C., Fleury, H., Heshmati, F., Saragosti, S., Letourneur, F., Kirn, A., and Aubertin, A. M., 1997, Neutralization of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates: a study of parameters implicated in neutralization in vitro. AIDS res. hum. Retroviruses 13: 19–27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morikawa, Y., Shibuya, M., Goto, T., and Sano, K., 2000, In vitro processing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag virus-like particles. Virology 272:366–374

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, B., Tessmer, U., Schubert, U., and Kräusslich, H. G., 2000, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr protein is incorporated into the virion in significantly smaller amounts than gag and is phosphorylated in infected cells. J. Virol. 74:9727–9731

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, M., 1992, The integrating power of cryofixation-based electron microscopy in biology. Acta Microscópia 1:37–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakai, M. and Goto, T., 1996, Ultrastructure and morphogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus. J. Electron Microsc. (Tokyo) 45:247–257

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nermut, M. V., Grief, C., Hashmi, S., and Hockley, D. J., 1993, Further evidence of icosahedral symmetry in human and simian immunodeficiency virus. AIDS res. hum. Retroviruses 9:929–938

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nermut, M. V. and Hockley, D. J., 1996, Comparative morphology and structural classification of retroviruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 214:1–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nermut, M. V., Hockley, D. J., Bron, P., Thomas, D., Zhang, W. H., and Jones, I. M., 1998, Further evidence for hexagonal organization of HIV gag protein in prebudding assemblies and immature virus-like particles. J. Struct. Biol. 123:143–149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nermut, M. V., Hockley, D. J., Jowett, J. B., Jones, I. M., Garreau, M., and Thomas, D., 1994, Fullerene-like organization of HIV gag-protein shell in virus-like particles produced by recombinant baculovirus. Virology 198:288–296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nermut, M. V., Bron, P., Thomas, D., Zhang, W.H., Jones, J.M., Rumlova, M., and T. Ruml, T., 2001, Structural aspects of retrovirus assembly. Virus Research 77: in press

    Google Scholar 

  • Ono, A., Orenstein, J. M., and Freed, E. O., 2000, Role of the Gag matrix domain in targeting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly. J. Virol. 74:2855–2866

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orenstein, J. M., 2000, In vivo cytolysis and fusion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected lymphocytes in lymphoid tissue. J. Infect. Dis. 182:338–342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orenstein, J. M., Fox, C., and Wahl, S. M., 1997, Macrophages as a source of HIV during opportunistic infections. Science 276:1857–1861

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orenstein, J. M. and Wahl, S. M., 1999, The macrophage origin of the HIV-expressing multinucleated giant cells in hyperplastic tonsils and adenoids. Ultrastruct. Pathol. 23:79–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ott, D. E., Coren, L. V., Chertova, E. N., Gagliardi, T. D., and Schubert, U., 2000, Ubiquitination of HIV-1 and MuLV Gag. Virology 278:111–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ott, D. E., Coren, L. V., Kane, B. P., Busch, L. K., Johnson, D. G., Sowder, R. C., Chertova, E. N., Arthur, L. O., and Henderson, L. E., 1996, Cytoskeletal proteins inside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions. J. Virol. 70:7734–7743

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Özel, M., Pauli, G., and Gelderblom, H. R., 1988, The organization of the envelope projections on the surface of HIV. Arch. Virol. 100:255–266

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, E. and Goldsmith, C. S., 1988, Ultrastructure of human retroviruses. J. Electron Microsc. Tech. 8:3–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parren, P. W., Moore, J. P., Burton, D. R., and Sattentau, Q. J., 1999, The neutralizing antibody response to H1V-1: viral evasion and escape from humoral immunity. AIDS 13 Suppl A: S137–S162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paxton, W., Connor, R. I., and Landau, N. R., 1993, Incorporation of Vpr into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions: requirement for the p6 region of gag and mutational analysis. J. Virol. 67:7229–7237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pepinsky, R. B. and Vogt, V. M., 1984, Fine-structure analyses of lipid-protein and protein-protein interactions of gag protein p19 of the avian sarcoma and leukemia viruses by cyanogen bromide mapping. J. Virol. 52:145–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, S. C., Moody, M. D., Wehbie, R. S., Kaplan, A. H., Nantermet, P. V., Klein, C.A., and Swanstrom, R., 1994, The p2 domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag regulates sequential proteolytic processing and is required to produce fully infectious virions. J. Virol. 68:8017–8027

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piot, P., Bartos, M., Ghys, P. D., Walker, N., and Schwartlander, B., 2001, The global impact of HIV/AIDS. Nature 410:968–973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poignard, P., Fouts, T., Naniche, D., Moore, J. P., and Sattentau, Q. J., 1996, Neutralizing antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120 induce envelope glycoprotein subunit dissociation. J. Exp Med. 183:473–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popovic, M., Sarngadharan, M. G., Read, E., and Gallo, R. C., 1984, Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science 224:497–500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabson, A. B. and Martin, M. A., 1985, Molecular organization of the AIDS retrovirus. Cell 40:477–480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reil, H., Bukovsky, A. A., Gelderblom, H. R., and Göttlinger, H. G., 1998, Efficient HIV-1 replication can occur in the absence of the viral matrix protein. EMBO J. 17:2699–2708

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rein, A., Henderson, L. E., and Levin, J. G., 1998, Nucleic-acid-chaperone activity of retroviral nucleocapsid proteins: significance for viral replication. Trends Biochem. Sci. 23:297–301

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renz, H., Weinberg, G., Özel, M., Gelderblom, H.R., Pauli, G., and Müller, M., 1993, High resolution scanning electron microscopy of HIV after conventional-and cryo-preparation. Comparison with transmission electron microscopical results. Beitr. Elektronenmikroskop. Direktabb. Oberfl. 26:209–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Richman, D. D., 2001, HIV chemotherapy. Nature 410:995–1001

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saifuddin, M., Parker, C. J., Peeples, M. E., Gorny, M. K., Zolla-Pazner, S., Ghassemi, M., Rooney, I. A., Atkinson, J. P., and Spear, G. T., 1995, Role of virion-associated glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins CD55 and CD59 in complement resistance of cell line-derived and primary isolates of HIV-1. J. Exp.Med. 182:501–509

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarngadharan, M. G., Popovic, M., Bruch, L., Schüpbach, J., and Gallo, R. C., 1984, Antibodies reactive with human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-III) in the serum of patients with AIDS. Science 224:506–508

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sattentau, Q. J. and Moore, J. P., 1991, Conformational changes induced in the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein by soluble CD4 binding. J. Exp.Med. 174:407–415

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schătzl, H., Gelderblom, H. R., Nitschko, H., and von der, Helm K., 1991, Analysis of non-infectious HIV particles produced in presence of HIV proteinase inhibitor. Arch. Virol. 120:71–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. J., Srinivasakumar, N., Hammarskjold, M. L., and Rekosh, D., 1993, Requirements for incorporation of Pr160gag-pol from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into virus-like particles. J. Virol. 67:2266–2275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, B. S., Gowda, S. D., Lifson, J. D., Penhallow, R. C., Bensch, K. G., and Engleman, E. G., 1987, pH-independent HIV entry into CD4-positive T cells via virus envelope fusion to the plasma membrane. Cell 49:659–668

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sunila, I., Vaccarezza, M., Pantaleo, G., Fauci, A. S., and Orenstein, J. M., 1997, gp120 is present on the plasma membrane of apoptotic CD4 cells prepared from lymph nodes of HIV-l-infected individuals: an immunoelectron microscopic study. AIDS 11:27–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takasaki, T., Kurane, I., Alhara, H., Ohkawa, N., and Yamaguchi, J., 1997, Electron microscopic study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) core structure: two RNA strands in the core of mature and budding particles. Arch. Virol. 142:375–382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tenner-Racz, K., Stellbrink, H. J., van Lunzen, J., Schneider, C., Jacobs, J. P., Raschdorff, B., Grosschupff, G., Steinman, R. M., and Racz, P., 1998, The unenlarged lymph nodes of HIV-l-infected, asymptomatic patients with high CD4 T cell counts are sites for virus replication and CD4 T cell proliferation. The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Exp. Med. 187:949–959

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thali, M., Bukovsky, A., Kondo, E., Rosenwirth, B., Walsh, C. T., Sodroski, J., and Göttlinger, H. G., 1994, Functional association of cyclophilin A with HIV-1 virions. Nature 372:363–365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay, M. J., Fortin, J. F., and Cantin, R., 1998, The acquisition of host-encoded proteins by nascent HIV-1. Immunol.Today 19:346–351

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tritel, M. and Resh, M. D., 2000, Kinetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly reveals the presence of sequential intermediates. J. Virol. 74:5845–5855

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tritel, M. and Resh, M. D., 2001, The late stage of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly is an energy-dependent process. J. Virol. 75:5473–5481

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, B. G. and Summers, M. F., 1999, Structural biology of HIV. J. Mol.Biol. 285:1–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Regenmortel, M.H.V., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., Carstens, E.B., Estes, M.K., Lemon, S.M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M.A., McGeoeh, D.J., Pringle, C.R., and Wickner., R.B., 2000, Virus taxonomy, classification and nomenclature of viruses, Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. pp 369–387 San Diego, London, Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahl, S. M., Greenwell-Wild, T., Peng, G., Hale-Donze, H., Doherty, T. M., Mizel, D., and Orenstein, J. M., 1998, Mycobacterium avium complex augments macrophage HIV-1 production and increases CCR5 expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 95:12574–12579

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wain-Hobson, S., Alizon, M., and Montagnier, L., 1985, Relationship of AIDS to other retroviruses. Nature 313:743

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, R. A. and Wrangham, R. W., 1999, From Pan to pandemic. Nature 397:385–386

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welker, R., Hohenberg, H., Tessmer, U., Huckhagel, C., and Krăusslich, H. G., 2000, Biochemical and structural analysis of isolated mature cores of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 74:1168–1177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiegers, K., Rutter, G., Kottler, H., Tessmer, U., Hohenberg, H., and Krăusslich, H. G., 1998, Sequential steps in human immunodeficiency virus particle maturation revealed by alterations of individual Gag polyprotein cleavage sites. J. Virol. 72:2846–2854

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilk, T. and Fuller, S. D., 1999a, Towards the structure of the human immunodeficiency virus: divide and conquer. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 9:231–243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilk, T., Gowen, B., and Fuller, S. D., 1999b, Actin associates with the nucleocapsid domain of the human immunodeficiency virus Gag polyprotein. J. Virol. 73:1931–1940

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilk, T., Gross, I., Gowen, B. E., Rutten, T., de Haas, F., Welker, R., Krăusslich, H. G., Boulanger, P., and Fuller, S. D., 2001, Organization of immature human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 75:759–771

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilk, T., Pfeiffer, T., Bukovsky, A., Moldenhauer, G., and Bosch, V., 1996, Glycoprotein incorporation and HIV-1 infectivity despite exchange of the gp160 membrane-spanning domain. Virology 218:269–274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wills, J. W. and Craven, R. C., 1991, Form, function, and use of retroviral gag proteins. AIDS 5:639–654

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wormser, G. P., Editor, 1996, A Clinical Guide to AIDS and HIV. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, R. and Sodroski, J., 1998, The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: fusogens, antigens, and immunogens. Science 280:1884–1888

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, X., Yuan, X., Matsuda, Z., Lee, T. H., and Essex, M., 1992, The matrix protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is required for incorporation of viral envelope protein into mature virions. J. Virol. 66:4966–4971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, X., Yu, X., Lee, T. H., and Essex, M., 1993, Mutations in the N-terminal region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein block intracellular transport of the Gag precursor. J. Virol. 67:6387–6394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, W. H., Hockley, D. J., Nermut, M. V., Morikawa, Y., and Jones, I. M., 1996, Gag-Gag interactions in the C-terminal domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 capsid antigen are essential for Gag particle assembly. J. Gen. Virol. 77:743–751

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, W., Parent, L. J., Wills, J. W., and Resh, M. D., 1994, Identification of a membrane-binding domain within the amino-terminal region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein which interacts with acidic phospholipids. J. Virol. 68:2556–2569

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353, Berlin, Germany

    Hans R. Gelderblom

  2. Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225, Langen, Germany

    Klaus Boller

Authors
  1. Hans R. Gelderblom
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Klaus Boller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Microscopy and Imaging Center Department of Biology Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas

    Andreas Holzenburg

  2. Institut für Klinische and Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Elke Bogner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gelderblom, H.R., Boller, K. (2002). Human Immunodeficiency Virus From Virus Structure to Pathogenesis. In: Holzenburg, A., Bogner, E. (eds) Structure-Function Relationships of Human Pathogenic Viruses. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47650-9_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47650-9_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46768-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47650-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation