Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Strecker et al. (2000); McCarley (2002); Basheer et al. (2004).
Kronauer et al. (1982).
Borbely (1982).
Dinges et al. (1997).
Reviewed in Fredholm et al. (1999).
Illes et al. (2000).
Drury and Szent-Gyorgyi (1929).
Olah and Stiles (1992).
Phillis and Wu (1981); Newby (1984); Williams (1989); Cunha (2001).
Newby (1984); Dunwiddie (1985); Williams (1989).
Rudolphi et al. (1992); Fredholm (1997); Ongini and Schubert (1998); Von Lubitz (1999); for review see Latini and Pedata (2001).
Schubert et al. (1997).
Rudolphi et al. (1992); Park and Rudolphi (1994); Fredholm (1997).
Heurteaux et al. (1995).
Dunwiddie and Masino (2001).
Ticho and Radulovacki (1991); reviewed in Radulovacki (1985).
Feldberg and Sherwood (1954).
Haulica et al. (1973).
Dunwiddie and Worth (1982); Virus et al. (1983); Radulovacki et al. (1984), Radulovacki (1985); Ticho and Radulovacki (1991).
Chagoya de Sanchez et al. (1993); Benington and Heller (1995).
Portas et al. (1997).
Porkka-Heiskanen et al. (1997).
Porkka-Heiskanen et al. (2000).
Huston et al. (1996).
Fredholm et al. (1994).
Kalinchuk et al. (2003a).
Borbély (1982) and Fineberg et al., (1985) report the effect of wake-fulness on reducing EEG arousal. Brain metabolism during delta SWS is consid-erably less than in wakeful-ness. In humans, a 44% reduction in the cerebral metabolic rate (CMR) of glucose during delta-wave sleep, compared with that during wakefulness, was determined by Maquet et al. (1992), and a 25% reduction in the CMR of O2 was determined by Madsen et al. (1991). Horne (1992) has reviewed metabolism and hyperthermia.
Rosenberg and Li (1995).
Fredholm et al. (2000).
Alanko et al. (2003a); Mackiewicz et al. (2003).
Yao et al. (1997, 2002).
Alanko et al. (2003b).
For hippocampal slices see Fallahi et al. (1996); for forebrain neu-ronal cultures see Rosenberg et al. (2000).
Kalinchuk et al. (2003b).
Rainnie et al. (1994).
Arrigoni et al. (2003).
Olah and Stiles (1995).
See review in Brundege and Dunwiddie (1997).
Bennington et al. (1995); Schwierin et al. (1996).
Strecker et al. (1999, 2000).
Alam et al. (1999).
Thakkar et al. (2003a).
Thakkar et al. (2003b).
Stenberg et al. (2003).
For example, Matsumura et al. (1994); Urade and Hayaishi (1999); Mizoguchi et al. (2001); Scammell et al. (2001); Hayaishi (2002).
Hayaishi (2002).
Mizoguchi et al. (2001).
Satoh et al. (1996, 1998,1999).
Gerashchenko et al. (2000).
Mochizuki et al. (2000).
Scammell et al. (2001).
Morairty et al. (2004).
Scammell et al. (1998).
Roberts et al. (1980).
Pentreath et al. (1990).
Basheer et al. (2001a).
Drummond et al. (2000); Van Dongen et al. (2003).
Gerwins and Fredholm (1992); Freund et al. (1994); Biber et al. (1997).
Biber et al. (1997).
Berridge (1993); Fisher (1995).
Basheer et al. (2002).
Kostyuk and Verkhratsky (1994); Simpson et al. (1995).
Gafni et al. (1997).
Hamada et al. (1999).
Gritti et al. (1993); Semba (2000); Z’abrosky et al. (1999).
Ramesh et al. (2002).
Bohm et al. (1997); Grady et al. (1997).
Souaze (2001).
For substance P see Hershey et al. (1991); for (ß-adrenergic see Collins et al. (1992); for serotonin (5-HT2) see Rydelek-Fitzgerald et al. (1993); for somatostatin (SST2A) see Boudin et al. (2000).
Biber et al. (2001).
O’Hara et al. (1993); Cirelli et al. (1995); Basheer et al. (1997); Chen et al. (1999).
Nie et al. (1998).
Siebenlist et al. (1994); McKinsey et al. (1997).
Basheer et al. (2001b).
Borbély and Tobler (1989); Opp and Krueger (1991, 1994); Krueger and Majde (1994); Xie et al. (1994); Yamamoto et al. (1997).
Gritti et al. (1993); Jones and Mühlethaler (1999).
Lo Conte et al. (1982); Szymusiak (1995); Jones (1993, 1998, 2003b); Semba, (2000).
Nagai et al. (1982); Pearson et al. (1983); Gallagher and Holland (1994); Sarter and Bruno (1997, 2000); Everitt and Robbins(1997).
See reviews by Everitt and Robbins (1997); Wenk (1997); Baxter and Chiba (1999); Perry et al. (1978).
Wiley et al. (1991).
Muir et al. (1996); McGaughy and Sarter (1998).
Buzsáki and Gage (1989); Berntson et al. (2002).
Cordova et al. (2003).
Dialysates of brain homogenates, reviewed in Inoué (1989).
CSF, serum, and emulsion of cerebral cortex, Legendre and Pieron (1913).
Millers et al. (1967).
Obal and Krueger (2003), the present chapter draws on the information in this review.
Krueger has commented, “Every substance thus far identified as being part of the sleep regulatory cascade also has additional biologic activities. This issue of specificity of response elicited by substances within multiple pleiotropic redundant pathways is a central problem in biology. A major challenge to sleep research is to define how and where these molecular steps produce sleep.” Krueger et al. (1998).
Breder et al. (1988, 1993).
See Saper and Sawchenko (2003).
This is a controversial area. The review by Vitkovic et al. (2000) summarizes the studies showing and not showing IL-1 in neurons (strongest evidence in hypothalamus, cortex has mixed results), with weaker evidence for TNF alpha. These authors conclude that the evidence is equivocal for genes in neurons coding for these factors. Renauld and Spengler (2002) present evidence in cultures of primary hippocampal neurons and of tumor cells for TNF mRNA in the cells and protein in the supernatant following alpha 2 adrenergic receptor activation and potassium depolarization. Ringheim et al. (1995) found evidence for IL-6 mRNA in cultured murine cortical neurons.
Krueger and Obal (2003).
Krueger and Majde (2003) have a thoughtful review of the major research questions and issues in cytokines and sleep.
Krueger et al. (1984).
Takeuchi and Akiara (2001).
Reviewed in Sporri et al. (2001).
For example, Breder et al. (1988); as discussed above, evidence for neuronal production of IL-1 beta is not strong.
Reviewed in Krueger et al. (2001).
Krueger (1990).
Opp et al. (1991); Susic and Totic (1989).
Opp et al. (1991).
Luk et al. (1999).
De Sarro et al. (1997).
Imeri et al. (2002).
Slisli and De Beaurepaire (1999).
Terao et al. (1998).
Alam et al. (2001).
Fang et al. (1998).
Lue et al. (1998).
For IL-1 beta see Nguyen et al. (1998); for IL1 beta mRNA see Taishi et al. (1997).
Mackiewicz et al. (1996).
e.g. Uthgenannt et al. (1995).
Nguyen et al. (1998).
Kriegler et al. (1998).
Reviewed by Spriggs et al. (1992).
Breder et al. (1993); Cheng et al. (1994).
See, for example, Yang et al. (2002).
For fever see Saper and Breder (1992); for food intake see Plata-Salaman (2000).
Haack et al. (2001).
Merrill (1992).
Shohzm et al. (1987).
Dickstein et al. (1999).
Takahashi et al. (1996).
Bredow et al. (1997); Floyd and Krueger (1997).
Fang et al. (1997).
Yoshida et al. (2004).
Zhang et al. (1999).
Churchill et al. (2002).
Obal et al. (1992).
Obalet al. (1991).
Obal et al. (2001).
Alt et al. (2002).
Hajdu et al. (2002).
See data and review in Lanneau et al. (2000).
von Economo (1930).
For review see Szymusiak (1995).
Sherin et al. (1996).
Sherin et al. (1998).
See also Steininger et al. (2001).
Szymusiak et al. (1998).
Lu et al. (2000).
Lu et al. (2002).
Schonrock et al. (1991); Yang and Hatton (1997); Seutin et al. (1989).
Gong et al. (2000).
Suntsova et al. (2002).
Chou et al. (2002).
Cullinan and Zaborszky (1991).
Chou et al. (2003).
Strecker et al. (2000).
Chamberlin et al. (2003).
Staiger and Nurnberger (1989).
Saper et al. (2001).
Aldrich (1998); Sinton and McCarley (2001).
Lin et al. (1999).
Chemelli et al. (1999).
Mignot (1998).
Nishino et al. (2000).
Thannickal et al. (2000).
de Lecea et al. (1998); Peyron et al. (1998); van den Pol (1999).
de Lecea et al. (1998).
Sakurai et al. (1998).
de Lecea and colleagues (1998) chose hypocretin as a name to indicate the hypothalamic localization and the similarity to the gut hormone, secretin. Sakurai and colleagues chose orexin because of their initial assumption that the peptides would be tied to feeding behavior. Both names are currently in common use in the literature, although a preferred name will likely emerge. (In general in the English language, shorter names come to predominate over competing longer ones.) We use orexin because we find it simpler and more euphonious, while recognizing others may prefer hypocretin. As used in sleep research, both orexin and hypocretin suffer from an inappropriate derivation relative to the gut and feeding.
Elias et al. (1998); Peyron et al. (1998); Date et al. (1999); Horvath et al. (1999b); Nambu et al. (1999).
Trivedi et al. (1998); Chemelli et al. (1999), citing their own unpublished data.
Zhang et al. (2004).
Bernard et al. (2003).
Hagan et al. (1999); Horvath et al. (1999a); Bourgin et al. (2000).
van den Pol (2002).
Hoang et al. (2003).
Korotkova et al. (2003).
Korotkova et al. (2002).
Brown et al. (2002).
Eriksson et al. (2001).
van den Pol et al. (1998).
Thakkar et al. (1999).
Thakkar et al. (2001).
Taheri et al. (2000).
Strecker et al. (2002).
Espanart et al. (2003).
Yoshida et al. (2001).
Kiyashchenko et al. (2002).
Mice: Hara et al. (2001); Mieda et al. (2003); Rats: Beuckmann et al. (2004).
This was first clearly documented by Passouant and colleagues (1969).
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2005). The Role of Active Forebrain and Humoral Systems in Sleep Control. In: Brain Control of Wakefulness and Sleep. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26270-9_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26270-9_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-48714-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-26270-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)