Skip to main content

Researching Applied Linguistics in Language Teacher Education

  • Chapter
Applied Linguistics and Language Teacher Education

Part of the book series: Educational Linguistics ((EDUL,volume 4))

Conclusion

The purpose of this chapter was to explore the range of research methodologies which can be used to investigate questions about language teachers’ acquisition and use of KAL and which can serve as models for further research. However, as can be seen from the tables in this chapter, there are a number of data collection tools which have not be fully utilized for looking at teachers’ knowledge in our field such as Q methodology, critical incidents, think aloud protocols, stimulus tasks, sorting tasks, concept maps, and memory tasks. It is important that applied linguists begin to explore and evaluate how such data collection methods can be used to pursue our questions in the area of L2 teacher learning and knowledge use.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alanen, R. (2003). A sociocultural approach to young language learners’ beliefs about language learning. In P. Kalaja & A. M. Barcelos (Eds.), New Approaches to Research on Beliefs about SLA. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allard, F. & Burnett, N. (1985). Skill in sport. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 39(2), 294–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, L. (2002). Teachers’ pedagogical beliefs and the standards for Foreign Language Learning. Foreign Language Annals, 35(5), 518–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, S. (1997). Metalinguistic awareness and teacher explanation. Language Awareness. 6(2/3), 145–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, S. (1999). ‘All these little name things’: A comparative study of language teachers’ explicit knowledge of grammar and grammatical terminology. Language Awareness, 8(3/4), 143–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonek, J., McComick, D., & Donato, R. (1997). The student teacher portfolio as autobiography: Developing a professional identity. Modern Language Journal, 81, 15–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Artzt, A. & Armour-Thomas, E. (1998). Mathematics teaching as problem-solving: A framework for studying teacher metacognition underlying instructional performance in mathematics. Instructional Science, 26(1/2), 5–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, F. (1996). The role of collaborative dialogue in teacher education. In D. Freeman & J. Richards (Eds.), Teacher Learning in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, K., Bergthold, B., Braunstein, B., Fleischman, N., Holbrook, M., Tuman, J., Waissbluth, X. & Zambo, L. (1996). The language learners’ autobiography: Examining the “apprenticeship of observation”. In D. Freeman & J. Richards (Eds.), Teacher Learning in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, N. (2003). How teachers and academics read research articles. Teaching and Teacher Education, 19(7), 737–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behets, D. (1996). Comparison of visual information processing between preservice students and experienced physical education teachers. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 16(1), 79–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyerbach, B. (1988). Developing a technical vocabulary on teacher planning: Preservice teachers’ concept maps. Teaching & Teacher Education. 4(4), 339–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Block, D. (1997). Learning by listening to language learners. System, 25, 347–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bogdan, R. & Biklen, S. (1998). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods (3rd edition). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borg, S. (1998). Teachers’ pedagogical systems and grammar teaching: A qualitative study. TESOL Quarterly, 32(1), 9–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borg, S. (1999). The use of grammatical terminology in the second language classroom: A qualitative study of teachers’ practices and cognitions. Applied Linguistics, 20(1), 95–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borko, H., Lalik, R., & Tomchin, E. (1987). Student teachers’ understandings of successful and unsuccessful teaching. Teaching & Teacher Education, 3(2), 77–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boscolo, P. & Cisotto, L. (1999). Instructional strategies for teaching to write: A Q-Sort analysis. Learning and Instruction, 9, 209–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boshuizen, H, Hobus, P., Custers, E. & Schmidt, H. (1992). Cognitive effects of practical experience. In D. Evans & V. Patel (Eds.), Advanced Models of Cognition for Medical Training and Practice. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breen, M., Hird, B., Milton, M., Oliver, R. & Thwaite, A. (2001). Making Sense of Language Teaching: Teachers’ Principles and Classroom Practices. Applied Linguistics 22(4), 470–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brindley, R. & Schneider, J. (2002). Writing instruction or destruction: Lessons to he learned from fourth-grade teachers’ perspectives on teaching writing. Journal of Teacher Education, 53(4), 328–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bullough, R. (1989). First Year Teacher: A Case Study. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, A. (1992). Teacher beliefs and their influence on classroom practice. Prospect, 7(3), 56–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byra, M. & Karp, G. (2000). Data collection techniques employed in qualitative research in physical education teacher education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 19, 246–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byra, M. & Sherman, M. (1993). Preactive and interactive decision-making tendencies of less and more experienced preservice teachers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, 46–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cajkler, W. & Hislam, J. (2002). Trainee teachers’ grammatical knowledge: The tension between public expectation and individual competence. Language Awareness, 11(3), 161–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calderhead, J. & Robson, M. (1991). Images of teaching: Student teachers’ conceptions of classroom practice. Teaching and Teacher Education, 7(1), 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calderhead, J. & Shorrock, S. (1997). Understanding Teacher Education: Case Studies in the Professional Development of Beginning Teachers. London: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, T., Fennema, E., Peterson, P., Chiang, C., & Loef, M. (1989). Using knowledge of children’s mathematics thinking in classroom teaching: An experimental study. American Educational Research Journal, 26, 499–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, K., Cushing, K., Sabers, D., Stein, R. & Berliner, D. (1988). Expert-novice differences in perceiving and processing visual classroom information. Journal of Teacher Education, 39(3), 25–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, K., Sabers, D., Cushing, K., Pinnegar, S., & Berliner, D. (1987). Processing and using information about students: A study of expert, novice, and postuant teachers. Teaching & Teacher Education. 3(1), 147–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, W. & Simon, H. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 55–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, A. & Ennis, C. (1995). Content knowledge transformation: An examination of the relationship between content knowledge and curricula. Teaching & Teacher Education, 11, 389–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chi, M. & Bassok, M. (1989). Learning from examples via self-explanations. In L. Resnick (Ed.) Knowing, Learning and Instruction. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chi, M., Bassok, M., Lewis, M., Reimann, P., & Glaser, R. (1989). Self-explanations: How students study and use examples in learning to solve problems. Cognitive Science, 13, 145–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chi, M., Feltovich, P., & Glaser, R. (1981). Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cognitive Science, 5, 121–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clandinin, D. & Connelly, F. (2000). Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coelho, J. (2000). Student perceptions of physical education in a mandatory college program. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 19(2), 222–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A. & Cavalcanti, M. (1990). Feedback on compositions: Teacher and student verbal reports. In B. Kroll (Ed.), Second Language Writing; Research Insights fur the Classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Converse, J. & Presser, S. (1986). Survey Questions: Handcrafting the Standardized Questionnaire, San Francisco: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, N. (1999). Knowledge elicitation. In F. Durso (Ed.), Handbook of Applied Cognition. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, W. & D’Emidio-Caston, M. (1998). Indicators of development of practical theory in pre-service teacher education students. Teaching and Teacher Education, 14(5), 513–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, W., Birmingham, C., Demeulle, L., Demidiocaston, M. & Natal, D. (1994). Making meaning in classrooms — An investigation of congnitive processes in aspiring teachers, experienced teachers, and their peers. American Educational Research Journal, 31(1), 166–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corporaal, A. (1991). Repertory grid research into cognitions of prospective primary school teachers. Teaching & Teacher Education, 7(4), 315–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cortazzi, M, (1993). Narrative Analysis. Falmer Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortazzi, M. & Jin, L. (1999). Bridges to learning: Metaphors of teaching, learning and language. In L. Cameron and G. Low (Eds.), Researching and Applying Methaphor. Cambridge: CUP

    Google Scholar 

  • Cothran, D. & Ennis, C. (1998). Curricula of mutual worth: Comparisons of students’ and teachers’ curricular goals. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 17, 307–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, A. (1989). Student teachers’ conceptions of curriculum: Toward an understanding of language-teacher development. TESL Canada Journal, 7(1), 33–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K. (1995). Qualitative theory and methods in applied linguistics research. TESOI, Quarterly, 29(3), 427–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, R. (1990). Teacher observation in second language teacher education. In J. Richards & D. Nunan (Eds.), Second Language Teacher Education. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Groot, A. (1965). Thought and Choice in Chess. The Hague: Mouton

    Google Scholar 

  • de Jong, O. (2000). The teacher trainer as researcher: Exploring the initial pedagogical content concerns of prospective science teachers. European Journal of Teacher Education, 23(2), 127–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y. (1994). Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillman, D. (1999). Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (2nd edition). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörnyei, Z. (2003). Questionnaires in Second Language Research: Construction, Administration, and Processing. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, G. & Roehler, L. (1986). Constraints on teacher change. Journal of Teacher Education, 37(1), 55–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, K. (1995). How scientiests really reason: Scientific reasoning in real-world laboratories. In R. Sternberg & J. Davidson (Eds.), The Nature of Insight. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, T. & Shriner, C. (1999). Deliberate practice in teaching: What teachers do for self-improvement. Teaching and Teacher Education, 15(6), 631–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egan, D. & Schwartz, E. (1979). Chunking in recall of symbolic drawings. Memory & Cognition, 7, 149–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eick, C. & Reed, C. (2002). What makes an inquiry-oriented science teacher? The influence of learning histories on student teacher role identity and practice. Science Education, 86(3), 401–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstein Ebsworth, M. & Schweers, C. (1997). What researchers say and practitioners do: Perspectives on conscious grammar instruction in the ESL classroom. Applied Language Learning, 8(2), 237–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, K. A. & Simon, H. (1993). Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data (revised edition). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ethell, R. & McMeniman, M. (2000). Unlocking the knowledge in action of an expert practitioner. Journal of Teacher Education, 51(2), 87–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Færch, C. & Kasper, G. (1987). From product to process — Introspective methods in second language research. In C. Færch & G. Kasper (Eds.), Introspection in Second Language Research. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, Z. (1996). A review of research on teacher beliefs and practices. Educational Research, 38(1), 47–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, T. (2001). Concept maps to trace conceptual change in pre-service English teachers. RELC Journal, 32(2), 27–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, P. & Womack, S. (1993). The Impact of Subject Matter and Educational Coursework on Teaching Performance. Journal of Teacher Education, 44(1). 55–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan, J. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4), 327–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, S. (1994). Marriage for life: Theory, research, and practice. In J. Alatis (Ed.), GURT 1993: Educational Linguistics, Crosscultural Communication, and Global Interdependence. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foddy, W. (1994). Constructing Questions for Interviews and Questionnaires: Theory and Practice in Social Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foss, D. & Kleinsasser, R. (2001). Contrasting research perspectives: What the evidence yields. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 7(3), 271–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, F. (1995). Improving Survey Questions: Design and Evaluation. San Francisco: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D. & Johnson, K. (1998). Reconceptualizing the knowledge-base of language teacher education. TESOL Quarterly, 32, 397–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D. (1991). “To make the tacit explicit”: Teacher education, emerging discourse, and conceptions of teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 7, 439–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D. (1993). Renaming experience/Reconstructing practice: Developing new understandings of teaching. Teaching and Teacher Eductation, 9(5/6), 485–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D. (1994). The use of language data in the study of teachers’ knowledge. In I. Carlgren, G. Handal, & S. Vaage (Eds.), Teachers’ Minds and Actions. London: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D. (1996). The “unstudied problem”: Research on teacher learning. In D. Freeman & J. Richards (Eds.), Teacher Learning in Language Teaching Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D. (1998). Doing Teacher Research. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freyhof, H., Gruber, H. & Ziegler, A. (1992). Expertise and hierarchical knowledge representation in chess. Psychological Research, 54, 32–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garet, M., Porter, A., Desimone, L., Birman, B. & Yoon, K. (2001). What makes professional development effective? Results from a national sample of teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 38(4), 915–945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gass, S. & Mackey, A. (2000). Stimulated Recall in Second Language Research. Mahwah: NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatbonton, E. (1999). Investigating experienced ESL teachers’ pedagogical knowledge. Modern Language Journal, 83, 35–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gess-Newsome, J., & Lederman, N. (1993). Preservice biology teachers’ knowledge structures as a function of professional teacher education. Science Education, 77, 25–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gitlin, A., Barlow, L., Burbank, M., Kauchak, D. & Stevens, T. (1999). Pre-service teachers’ thinking on research: Implications for inquiry oriented teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 15, 753–769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golombek, P. (1998). A study of language teachers’ personal practical knowledge. TESOL Quarterly, 32, 447–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gott, S., Hall, E., Pokorny, R., Dibble, E., Glaser, R. (1993). A naturalistic study of transfer: Adaptive Expertise in technical domains. In D. Detterman (Ed.), Transjer on Trial. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P. (1990). The Making of a Teacher: Teacher Knowledge & Teacher Education. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P. (1991). What are we talking about anyway? Subject-matter knowledge of secondary English teachers. In J. Brophy (Ed.), Advances in Research on Teaching (vol. 2). JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerrero, M.C., & Villamil, O. S. (2002). Metaphorical conceptualizations of ESL teaching and learning. Language Teaching Research, 6(1), 95–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie, J. (1988). Locating information in documents: Examination of a cognitive model. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 178–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie, J., Britten, T. & Barker, K. (1991). Roles of document structure, cognitive strategy, and awareness in searching for information. Reading Research Quarterly, 26, 300–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez Almarza, G. (1996). Student foreign language teachers’ knowledge growth. In D. Freeman & J. Richards (Eds.), Teacher Learning in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, A. & Bower, G. (1982). Musical expertise and melodic structure in memory for musical notation. American Journal of Psychology, 95, 31–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hauslein, P. Good, R. & Cummins, C. (1992). Biology content cognitive structure: From science student to science teacher. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 29(9), 939–964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hershey, D., Walsh, D., Read, S., & Chulef, A. (1990). The effects of expertise on financial problem solving: Evidence for goal-directed, problem-solving scripts. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 46, 77–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt-Reynolds, D. (1999). Good readers, good teachers? Subject matter expertise as a challenge in learning to teach. Harvard Educational Review, 69(1), 29–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornberger, N. & Corson, D. (1999). Research Methods in Language and Education (volume 8 of the Encyclopedia of Language and Education). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, E. (1985). Using student beliefs about language learning and teaching in the foreign language Methods course. Foreign Language Annals, 18, 333–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, E. (1985). Using student beliefs about language learning and teaching in the foreign language methods course. Foreign Language Annals. 18(4), 333–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosenfeld, C. (2003). Are some beliefs of second language learners ‘emergent’ phenomena? In P. Kalaja & A. M. Barcelos (Eds.), New Approaches to Research on Beliefs about SLA. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Housner, L. & Griffey, D. (1985). Teacher cognition: Differences in planning and interactive decision making between experienced and inexperienced teachers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 56(1), 45–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes-Wilhelm, K. (1997). Sometimes kicking and screaming: Language teachers-in-training react to a collaborative learning model. Modern Language Journal, 81, 527–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. & Morita, E. (2002). Japanese and American teachers’ evaluations of videotaped mathematics lessons. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 33(3), 154–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K & Golombek, P. (2002). Teachers’ Narrative Inquiry as Professional Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. (1992). The relationship between teachers’ beliefs and practices during literacy instruction for non-native speakers of English. Journal of Reading Behavior, 24(1), 83–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. (1994). The emerging beliefs and instructional practices of preservice English as a Second Language teachers. Teaching & Teacher Education. 10(4), 439–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. (1996). The vision vs. the reality: The tensions of the TESOL practicum. In D. Freeman & J. Richards (Eds.), Teacher Learning in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, B. & Goettsch, K. (1999). In search of the knowledge base of language teaching: Explanations by experienced teachers. Canadian Modern Language Review. 56, 437–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, M. (1994). Contrasts and similarities in case studies of teacher reflection and change. Curriculum Inquiry, 24(1), 9–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. & Vesilind, E. (1996). Putting practice into theory: Changes in the organization of preservice teachers’ pedagogical knowledge. American Educational Research Journal, 33(1), 91–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M., Carter, G. & Rua, M. (1999). Children’s concepts: Tools for transforming science teachers’ knowledge. Science Education, 83(5), 545–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M., Rua, M. & Carter, G. (1998). Science teachers’ conceptual growth within Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 35(9), 967–985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, D. & Tippins, D. (1991). How teachers’ classroom cases express their pedagogical beliefs. Journal of Teacher Education, 42(2), 281–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, D. (1991). Laura and Jim and What They Taught Me about the Gap Between Educational Theory and Practice. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, D. (1993). Contexts for the use of classroom cases. American Educational Research Journal, 30(4), 703–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalaja, P. & Barcelos, A. M. (2003). New Approaches to Research on Beliefs about SLA. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelchtermans, G. (1994). Biographical methods in the study of teachers’ professional development. In I. Carlgren, G. Handal, & S. Vaage (Eds.), Teachers’ Minds and Actions. London: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, G. (1955). The Psychology of Personal Constructs. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, J. (1996). The role of teacher beliefs and attitudes in teacher behaviour. In G. Tinker Sachs, M. Brock, & R. Lo (Eds.), Directions in Second Language Teacher Education. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, M., Ball, D. & McDiarmid, G. (1993). A Study Package for Examining and Tracking Changes in Teachers’ Knowledge (Technical Series 93-1). East Lansing, MI: NCRTL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerekes, J. (2001). How can SLA theories and SLA researchers contribute to teachers’ practices? In B. Johnston & S. Irujo (Eds.), Research and Practice in Language Education: Voices from the Field. Minneapolis: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramsch, C. (1983). Culture and constructs: Communicating attitudes and values in the foreign language classroom. Foreign Language Annals 16(6), 437–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. (1 995). The consequences of INSET. ELT Journal, 49(1), 72–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeCouteur, A. & Delfabbro, P. (2001). Repertoires of teaching and learning: A comparision of university teachers and students using Q methodology. Higher Education, 42, 205–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lederman, N. (1999). Teachers’ understanding of the nature of science and classroom practice: Factors that facilitate or impede the relationship. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 36(8), 916–929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrer, R. & Franke, M. (1992). Applying personal construct psychology to the study of teachers’ knowledge of fractions. Journal of Research in Mathematics Education, 23,3, 223–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leinhardt, G. & Smith, D. (1985). Expertise in mathematics instruction: Subject matter knowledge. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 247–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leinhardt, G., Weidman, C. & Hammond, K. (1987). Instruction and integration of classroom routines by expert teachers. Curriculum Inquiry, 17(2), 135–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lesgold, A. (1984). Acquiring Expertise. In John Anderson & Stephen Kosslyn (Eds.), Tutorials in Learning and Memory. New York: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, G. (2003). Student and instructor beliefs and attitudes about target language use, first language use, and anxiety: Report of a questionnaire study. Modern Language Journal, 87(3), 343–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, D. (1998). “It’s always more difficult than you plan and imagine”: Teachers’ perceived difficulties in introducing the communicative approach in South Korea. TESOL Quarterly, 32(4), 677–703.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lightbown, P. & Spada, N. (1999). How Languages are Learned (Revised Edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Llinares, S. (2000). Secondary school mathematics teacher’s professional knowledge: A case from the teaching the concept of function. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice. 6(1), 41–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, B. & Luk, J. (1996). Instructive or destructive: Written instructions produced by ESL teacher trainees in Hong Kong. In G. Tinker Sachs, M. Brock, & R. Lo (Eds.), Directions in Second Language Teacher Education. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, M., Badger, R., & White, G. (2001). Changing values: What use are theories of language learning and teaching? Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(8), 949–963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, D. & Tinning, R. (1995). Physical educator education and the trend to proletarianization: A case study. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 15, 98–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, M., Badger, R., & White, G. (2001). Changing values: What use are theories of language learning and teaching? Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(8), 949–963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markham, K., Mintzes, J. & Jones, M. (1994). The concept map as research and evaluation tool — Further evidence of validity. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 31(1), 91–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, J. (1996). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAllister, G. & Irvine, J. (2002). The role of empathy in teaching culturally diverse students: A qualitative study of teachers’ beliefs. Journal of Teacher Education, 53(4), 433–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonough, J. & McDonough, S. (1998). Research Methods for English Language Teachers. London: Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonough, J. (1994). A teacher looks at teachers’ diaries. ELT Journal, 48(1), 57–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKeithen, K., Reitman, J., Rueter, H. & Hirtle, S. (1981). Knowledge organization and skill differences in computer programmers. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 307–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKeown, B. & Thomas, D. (1988). Q Methodology. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meijer, P., Verloop, N., & Beijaard, D. (1999). Exploring language teachers’ practical knowledge about teaching reading comprehension. Teachng and Teacher Education, 15(1), 59–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meskill, C., Mossop, J., DiAngelo, S. & Pasquale, R. (2002). Expert and novice teachers talking technology: Precepts, concepts and misconcepts. Language Learning & Technology, 6(3), 46–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M. & Huberman, M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morine-Dershimer, G. (1989). Preservice teachers’ conceptions of content and pedagogy: Measuring growth in reflective, pedagogical decision-making. Journal of Teacher Education, 40(5), 46–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morine-Dershimer, G. (1993). Tracing conceptual change in preservice teachers. Teaching & Teacher Education, 9(1), 15–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, L. (1999). Applying linguistics: An analysis of grammatical explanations given by TESL undergraduates. In S. Hwang and A. Lommel (Eds.), Lacus Forum XXV. Fullerton, CA: LACUS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, L. (2002). Age and uptake in TESL training. Language Awareness. 11(3), 192–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, P. (1984). Teachers’ attitudes towards a curriculum innovation: an East Asian study. Research in Education, 40, 75–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nathan, M. & Koedinger, K. (2000). An investigation of teachers’ beliefs of students’ algebra development. Cognition and Instruction, 18(2), 209–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Numrich, C. (1996). On becoming a language teacher: Insights from diary studies. TESOL Quarterly, 30, 131–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunan, D. (1992). Research Methods in Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, J. & Biolsi, K. (1991). Techniques for representing expert knowledge. In K. A. Ericsson & J. Smith (Eds.), Towards a General Theory of Expertise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsin, J. (1996). Routines as organizing features in middle school physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 15, 319–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Opewal, T. (1993). Preservice teachers’ thinking about classroom events. Teaching and Teacher Education, 9(2), 127–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palfreyman, D. (1993). How I got it in my head: conceptual models of language and learning in native and non-native trainee EFL teachers. Language Awareness, 2(4), 209–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parajes, M. (1992). Teachers’ beliefs and educational research: Clearing up a messy construct. Review of Educational Research, 62(3), 307–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, J. (1995). Secondary teachers’ views of effective teaching in physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 14(2), 127–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel, V. & Arocha, J. (1995). Methods in the study of clinical reasoning. In J. Higgs & M. Jones (Eds.), Clinical Reasoning in the Health Professions. New York: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peacock, M. (1998). Beliefs about language learning and their relationship to proficiency.“ International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 9, 247–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peacock, M. (2001). Pre-service ESL teachers’ beliefs about second language learning: A longitudinal study. System, 29, 177–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pennington, M. & Richards, J. (1997). Reorienting the teaching universe: The experience of five first-year English teachers in Hong Kong. Language Teaching Research, 1(2), 149–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennington, M. (1995). The teacher change cycle. TESOL Quarterly, 29, 705–718.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennington, M. (1996). When input becomes intake: Tracing the sources of teachers’ attitude change. In D. Freeman & J. Richards (Eds.), Teacher Learning in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, P. & Comeaux, M. (1987). Teachers’ schemata for classroom events: The mental scaffolding of teachers’ thinking during classroom instruction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 3(4), 319–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polettini, A. (2000). Mathematics teaching life histories in the study of teachers’ perceptions of change. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16(7), 765–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramanthan, V., Davies, C., & Schleppegrell, M. (2001). A naturalistic inquiry into the cultures of two divergent MA-TESOL programs: Implications for TESOL. TESOL Quarterly, 35(2), 279–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, A. (1997). Inconsistency between a beginning elementary school teachers’ mathematics beliefs and teaching practice. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 28(5), 550–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J., Li, B, and Tang, A. (1995). A comparison of pedagogical reasoning skills in novice and experienced ESL teachers. RELC Journal, 26(1)-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronan, W., Anderson, C., & Talbert, T. (1976). A psychometric approach to job performance: Fire fighters. Public Personnel Management, 5(6), 409–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Royer, J., Cisero, C., & Carlo, M. (1993). Techniques and procedures for assessing cognitive skills. Review of Educational Research, 63(2), 201–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabers, D., Cushing, K. & Berliner, D. (1991). Differences among teachers in a task characterized by simultaneity, multidimesionality and immediacy. American Educational Research Journal, 28(1), 63–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salant, P. & Dillman, D. (1994). How to Conduct Your Own Survey. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samway, K. (1994). But it’s hard to keep field notes while also teaching. TESOL Journal, 4(1), 47–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, K. & Kleinsasser, R. (1999). Communicative language teaching (CLT): Practical understandings. Modern Language Journal, 83(4), 494–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seidman, I. (1998). Interviewing as Qualitative Research (2nd edition). New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sendan, F. & Roberts, J. (1998). Orhan: A case study in the development of a student teacher’s personal theories. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 4(2), 229–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solas, J. (1993). Investigating teacher and student thinking about the process of teaching and learning using autobiography and repertory grid. Review of Educational Research, 62(2), 205–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Southerland, S. & Gess-Newsome, J. (1999). Preservice teachers’ views of inclusive science teaching as shaped by images of teaching, learning, and knowledge. Science Education, 83(2), 131–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M., Baxter, J., & Leinhardt, G. (1990). Subject-matter knowledge and elementary instruction: A case from functions and graphing. American Educational Research Journal, 27(4), 639–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, S. (2001). Folk psychology, folk pedagogy, and their relations to subject matter knowledge. In B. Torff & R. Sternberg (Eds.), Understanding Teaching and the Intuitive Mind: Student and Teacher Learning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, S. Ravid, D., Zelcer, H. & Berliner, D. (1999). Relations between teachers’ subject matter knowledge about written language and their mental models about children’s learning. In T. Nunes (Ed.), Learning to Read: An Integrated View from Research and Practice. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, S., Ravid, D. & Magen, N. (1998). Relations between teachers’ subject matter knoweldge, teaching experience and their mental models of children’s minds and learning. Teaching & Teacher Education, 14(6), 579–595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, S., Ravid, D., Zelcher, H. & Berliner, D. (1999). Relations between teachers’ subject matter knowledge about written language and their mental models about children’s learning. In T. Nunes (Ed.), Learning to Read: An Integrated View from Research and Practice. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudman, S., Bradburn, N. & Schwarz, N. (1996). Thinking About Answers: The Application of Cognitive Processes to Survey Methodology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, D. & Dennick, R. (2002). Exploring culture, language, and the perception of the nature of science. International Journal of Science Education, 24(1), 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, H. O’Connor, J. & Cooney, J. (1990). An information processing analysis of expert and novice teachers’ problem solving. American Educational Research Journal, 27(3), 533–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamir, P. (1992). High school biology teachers’ image of subject matter: An exploratory study. The American Biology Teacher, 54, 212–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatto, M. (1998). The influence of teacher education on teachers’ beliefs about purposes of education, roles, and practice. Journal of Teacher Education, 49(1), 66–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tillema, H. (1998). Stability and change in student teachers’ beliefs about teaching. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 4(2), 217–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tjeerdsma, B. (1997). Comparison of teacher and student perspectives of tasks and feedback. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 16, 388–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tourangeau, R., Rips, L. & Rasinski, K. (2000). The Psychology of Survey Response. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsui, A. (1996). Learning how to teach ESL writing. In D. Freeman & J. Richards (Eds.), Teacher Learning in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, A. & Lardiere, D. (1996). Beyond consciousness raising: Re-examining the role of linguistics in langauge teacher training. In J. Alatis (Ed.), GURT 1996: Linguistics. Language Acquisition, and Language Variation. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Someren, M., Bernard, Y. & Sandberg, J. (1994). The Think Aloud Method: A Practical Guide to Modelling Cognitive Processes. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villamil, O. & de Guerrero, C. (1998). Assessing the impact of peer revision on L2 writing. Applied Linguistics, 19, 491–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Minden, A. & Walls, R. (1998). Charting the links between mathematical content and pedagogical concepts. Journal of Experimental Education, 66(4), 339–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, M. (1996). Structured reflection: The role of the professional project in training ESL teachers. In D. Freeman & J. Richards (Eds.), Teacher Learning in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts M, Alsop S, Gould G, Walsh A (1997). Prompting teachers’ constructive reflection: Pupils’ questions as critical incidents. International Journal of Science Education, 19(9), 1025–1037.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westerman, D. (1991). Expert and novice teacher decision making. Journal of Teacher Education, 42(4), 292–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, S. & Wineburg, S. (1988). Peering at history through different lenses: The role of disciplinary perspectives in teaching history. Teachers’ College Record, 89, 525–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wineburg, S. (1998). Reading Abraham Lincoln: An expert/expert study in the interpretation of historical texts. Cognitive Science, 22(3), 319–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, D. (1996). Teacher Cognition in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods, P. (1985). Conversations with teachers. British Educational Research Journal, 11(1), 13–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wubbels, T., Brekelmans, M., & Hooymayers, H. (1992). Do teachers distort the self-reports of their interpersonal behavior? Teaching & Teacher Education, 8(1), 47–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yaakobi, D. & Sharan, S. (1985). Teachers’ beliefs and practices: The discipline carries the message. Journal of Education for Teaching, 11(2), 187–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeichner, K. & Tabachnick, R. (1981). Are the effects of teacher education ‘washed out’ by school experience? Journal of Teacher Education, 32(3), 7–11.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Nat Bartels

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bartels, N. (2005). Researching Applied Linguistics in Language Teacher Education. In: Bartels, N. (eds) Applied Linguistics and Language Teacher Education. Educational Linguistics, vol 4. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2954-3_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics