Abstract
Quantum computing is a new and promising technology with the potential of exponentially powerful computation - if only a large-scale one can be built. There are several challenges in building a large-scale quantum computer - fabrication, verification, and architecture. The power of quantum computing comes from the ability to store a complex state in a single bit. This also what makes quantum systems difficult to build, verify, and design. Quantum states are fragile, so fabrication must be precise, and bits must often operate at very low temperatures. Unfortunately, the complete state may not be measured precisely, so verification is difficult. Imagine verifying an operation that is expected to not always get the same answer, but only an answer with a particular probability! Finally, errors occur much more often than with classical computing, making error correction the dominant task that quantum architectures need to perform well. We provide a basic tutorial of quantum computation for the system designer and examine the fundamental design and verification issues in constructing scalable quantum computers. We find the primary issues to be the verification of precise fabrication constraints, the design of quantum communication mechanisms, and the design of classical control circuitry for quantum operation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Leonard Adleman, Toward a mathematical theory of self-assembly, USC Tech Report, 2000.
D. Aharonov and M. Ben-Or, Fault tolerant computation with constant error, Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing, 1997, pp. 176–188.
E.H. Anderson, V. Boegli, M.L. Schattenburg, D.P. Kern, and H.I. Smith, Metrology of electron beam lithography systems using holographically produced reference samples, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B-9 (1991).
John S. Bell, On the Einstein-Podolsy-Rosen paradox, Physics 1 (1964), 195–200, Reprinted in J. S. Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987.
Charles H. Bennett and Gilles Brassard, Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems, and Signal Processing, 1984, pp. 175–179.
A. M. Childs, E. Farhi, and J. Preskill, Robustness of adiabatic quantum computation, Phys. Rev. A (2002), no. 65.
Isaac L. Chuang, Quantum algorithm for clock synchronization, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000), 2006.
D. Copsey, M. Oskin, F. Impens, T. Metodiev, A. Cross, F. Chong, I. Chuang, and J. Kubiatowicz, Toward a scalable, silicon-based quantum computing architecture, Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, To appear.
David K. Ferry and Stephen M. Goodnick, Transport in nanostructures, Cambridge Studies in Semiconductor Physics & Microelectronic Engineering, 6, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997.
N. Gershenfeld and I.L. Chuang, Quantum computing with molecules, Scientific American (1998).
Al Globus, David Bailey, Jie Han, Richard Jaffe, Creon Levit, Ralph Merkle, and Deepak Srivastava, Nasa applications of molecular nanotechnology, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 51 (1998).
L. Grover, Proc. 28th Annual ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computation (New York), ACM Press, 1996, pp. 212–219.
Sean Hallgren, Quantum Information Processing’ 02 Workshop (2002).
N. Isailovic, M. Whitney, D. Copsey, Y. Patel, F. Chong, I. Chuang, J. Kubiatowicz, and M. Oskin, Datapath and control for quantum wires, ACM Transactions on Architecture and Compiler Optimization, To appear.
R Jozsa, DS Abrams, JP Dowling, and CP Williams, Quantum atomic clock synchronization based on shared prior entanglement, Phys. Rev. Lett. (2000), 2010–2013.
B. E. Kane, N. S. McAlpine, A. S. Dzurak, R. G. Clark, G. J. Milburn, He Bi Sun, and Howard Wiseman, Single spin measurement using single electron transistors to probe two electron systems, arXive e-print cond-mat/9903371 (1999), Submitted to Phys. Rev. B.
Bruce Kane, A silicon-based nuclear spin quantum computer, Nature 393 (1998), 133–137.
D. Kielpinsky, C. Monroe, and D.J. Wineland, Architecture for a large-scale ion trap quantum computer, Nature 417 (2002), 709.
E. Knill, R. Laflamme, R. Martinez, and C.-H. Tseng, A cat-state benchmark on a seven bit quantum computer, arXive e-print quant-ph/9908051 (1999).
Konstantin K. Likhareve, Single-eletron devices and their applications, Proceedings of the IEEE 87 (1999).
M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum computation and quantum information, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000.
M.A. Nielsen and I.L. Chuang, Quantum computation and quantum information, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2000.
C.A. Sackett, D. Kielpinsky, B.E. King, C. Langer, V. Meyer, C.J. Myatt, M. Rowe, Q.A. Turchette, W.M. Itano, D.J. Wineland, and C. Monroe, Experimental entanglement of four particles, Nature 404 (2000), 256–258.
Michael Sanie, Michel Cote, Philppe Hurat, and Vinod Malhotra, Practical application of full-feature alternating phase-shifting technology for a phase-aware standard-cell design flow, (2001).
P. Shor, Algorithms for quantum computation: Discrete logarithms and factoring, Proc. 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (Los Alamitos, CA), IEEE Press, 1994, p. 124.
A. Skinner et al., Hydrogenic spin quantum computing in silicon: a digital approach, quant-ph/0206159 (2002).
A. Steane, Error correcting codes in quantum theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996).
J. R. Tucker and T.-C. Shen, Can single-electron integrated circuits and quantum computers be fabricated in silicon?, International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 28 (2000), 553–562.
W. van Dam and G. Seroussi, Efficient quantum algorithms for estimating gauss sums, quant-ph (2002), 0207131.
Lieven M.K. Vandersypen, Matthias Steffen, Gregory Breyta, Costantino S. Yannoni, Richard Cleve, and Isaac L. Chuang, Experimental realization of order-finding with a quantum computer, Phys. Rev. Lett. December 15 (2000).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Franklin, D., Chong, F.T. (2004). Challenges in Reliable Quantum Computing. In: Shukla, S.K., Bahar, R.I. (eds) Nano, Quantum and Molecular Computing. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8068-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8068-9_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-8067-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8068-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive