Skip to main content

Magnetic Force Microscopy: Images of Nanostructures and Contrast Modeling

  • Chapter
Magnetic Microscopy of Nanostructures

Part of the book series: NanoScience and Technology ((NANO))

Abstract

Magnetic force microscopy is a scanning technique, derived from atomic force microscopy, that maps the magnetic interaction between a sample and a magnetic tip. It is simple to use (most microscopes operate in ambient conditions) and provides images with a resolution down to 20 nm in best cases. The images do not, however, correspond directly to the sample magnetization, because of the long range of magnetic forces, their complex sources, as well as the potentially perturbing effect of tip-sample interaction. The emphasis of this chapter is on contrast modeling, especially in nanostructures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Y. Martin and H.K. Wickramasinghe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 50, 1455 (1987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. J.J. Saenz, N. Garcia, P. Gruetter, E. Meyer, H. Heinzelmann, R. Wisendanger, L. Rosenthaler, H.R. Hidber, and H.J. Guentherodt, J. Appl. Phys. 62, 4293 (1987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. A.M. Chang, H.D. Hallen, L. Harriott, H.F. Hess, H.L. Kao, J. Kwo, R.E. Miller, R. Wolfe, J. van der Ziel, and T.Y. Chang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 1974 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. A. Oral, S.J. Bending, and M. Henini, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B14, 1202 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  5. J.R. Kirtley, M.B. Ketchen, K.G. Stawiasz, J.Z. Sun, W.J. Gallagher, S.H. Blanton, and S.J. Wind, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 1138 (1995).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. J.R. Kirtley, M.B. Ketchen, C.C. Tsuei, J.Z. Sun, W.J. Gallagher, L.S. Yu-Jahnes, A. Gupta, K.G. Stawiasz, and S.J. Wind, IBM J. Res. Develop. 39, 655 (1995).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. P. Gruetter, H.J. Mamin, and D. Rugar, in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy II, edited by R. Wiesendanger and H.J. Guentherodt (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  8. R.D. Gomez, in Magnetic Imaging and Its Applications to Materials, edited by M. de Graef and Y. Zhu (Academic Press, San Diego, 2001).

    Google Scholar 

  9. J. Miltat, and A. Thiaville, in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, edited by K.H.J. Buschow, R.W. Cahn, M.C. Flemings, B. Ilschner, E.J. Kramer, and S. Mahajan (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 2001).

    Google Scholar 

  10. D. Rugar, H.J. Mamin, P. Guethner, S.E. Lambert, J.E. Stern, I. McFadyen, and T. Yogi, J. Appl. Phys. 68, 1169 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. U. Hartmann, T. Goeddenhenrich, and C. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 101, 263 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. S. Porthun, L. Abelmann, and J.C. Lodder, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 182, 238 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. A. Hubert and R. Schaefer, Magnetic Domains (Springer, Berlin, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  14. P. Gruetter, D. Rugar, H.J. Mamin, G. Castillo, S.E. Lambert, C.J. Lin, and R.M. Valletta, Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 1820 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. P.F. Hopkins, J. Moreland, S.S. Malhotra, and S.H. Liou, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 6448 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. G. Meyer and N.M. Amer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 53, 1045 (1988).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. D. Rugar, H.J. Mamin, and P. Guethner, Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 2588 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. K. Babcock, M. Dugas, S. Manalis, and V. Elings, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 355, 311 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. W. Rave, L. Belliard, M. Labrune, A. Thiaville, and J. Miltat, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 4473 (1994).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. T.R. Albrecht, P. Gruetter, D. Horne, and D. Rugar, J. Appl. Phys. 69, 668 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. M. Dreyer, R.D. Gomez, and I.D. Mayergoyz, IEEE Trans. Magn. 36, 2975 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. G. LĂ©vĂŞque, P. Girard, S. Belaidi, and G. Cohen Solal, Rev. Sci. Instrum 68, 4137 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. P. Gruetter, Y. Liu, and P. LeBlanc, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 279 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. R. Proksch, K. Babcock, and J. Cleveland, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 419 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Y. Liu and P. Gruetter, J. Appl. Phys. 83, 7333 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. L. Belliard, Ph.D. thesis, Orsay University, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  27. L. Belliard, A. Thiaville, S. Lemerle, A. Lagrange, J. Ferré, and J. Miltat, J. Appl. Phys. 81, 3849 (1997).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. H.J. Hug, B. Stiefel, A. Moser, I. Parashikov, A. Kliczmik, D. Lipp, H.J. Guentherodt, G. Bochi, D.I. Paul, and R. C. O'Handley, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 5609 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. A. Fernandez, P.J. Bedrossian, S.L. Baker, S.P. Vernon, and D.R. Kania, IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 4472 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. S. Gider, J. Shi, D.D. Awschalom, P.F. Hopkins, K.L. Campman, A.C. Gossard, A.D. Kent, and S. von Molnar, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 3269 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. M. Lederman, S. Schultz, and M. Ozaki, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1986 (1994).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. L. Belliard, J. Miltat, A. Thiaville, S. Dubois, J.L. Duvail, and L. Piraux, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 190, 1 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Y. Henry, K. Ounadjela, L. Piraux, S. Dubois, J.M. George, and J.L. Duvail, Eur. Phys. J. B20, 35 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  34. R.D. Gomez, T.V. Luu, A.O. Pak, K.J. Kirk, and J.N. Chapman, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 6163 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. J.M. Garcia, A. Thiaville, and J. Miltat, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 249, 163 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. H. Joisten, S. Lagnier, M.H. Vaudaine, L. Vieux-Rochaz, and J.L. Porteseil, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 233, 230 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. T. Shinjo, T. Okuno, R. Hassdorf, K. Shigeto, and T. Ono, Science 289, 930 (2000).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. J. Ferré, in Spin Dynamics in Confined Magnetic Structures I, edited by B. Hillebrands and K. Ounadjela (Springer, Berlin, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  39. V. Gehanno, Y. Samson, A. Marty, B. Gilles, and A. Chamberod, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 172, 26 (1997).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. A. Hubert, W. Rave, and S.L. Tomlinson, phys. stat. sol. (b) 204, 817 (1997).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. T. Chang, M. Lagerquist, J.G. Zhu, J.H. Judy, P.B. Fischer, S.Y. Chou, IEEE Trans. Magn. 28, 3138 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. OOMMF is a public micromagnetic program developed at the NIST, USA, by M.J. Donahue and coworkers. It is available at http://www.math.nist.gov. We used version 1.2α2.

    Google Scholar 

  43. I.A. Beardsley, IEEE Trans. Magn. 25, 671 (1989).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. B. Vellekoop, L. Abelmann, S. Porthun, and C. Lodder, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 190, 148 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. H.J. Mamin, D. Rugar, J.E. Stern, R.E. Fontana, and P. Kasiraj, Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 318 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. S. McVitie, R.P. Ferrier, J. Scott, G.S. White, and A. Gallagher, J. Appl. Phys. 89, 3656 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. A. Thiaville, L. Belliard, D. Majer, E. Zeldov, and J. Miltat, J. Appl. Phys. 82, 3182 (1997).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. P.J.A. van Schendel, H.J. Hug, B. Stiefel, S. Martin, and H.J. Guentherodt, J. Appl. Phys. 88, 435 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. S.L. Tomlinson and E.W. Hill, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 161, 385 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. J. Miltat, G. Albuquerque, and A. Thiaville, in Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation, edited by E. Beaurepaire, F. Scheurer, G. Krill, and J.P. Kappler (Springer, Berlin, 2001).

    Google Scholar 

  51. S. Foss, R. Proksch, E.D. Dahlberg, B. Moskowitz, and B. Walsh, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 3426 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. W. Rave, E. Zueco, R. Schaefer, and A. Hubert, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 177–181, 1474 (1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. J.J. Saenz, N. Garcia, and J.C. Slonczewski, Appl. Phys. Lett. 53, 1449 (1988).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. D. Tomas, Ph.D. thesis, Charles University, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  55. G. Albuquerque, J. Miltat, and A. Thiaville, J. Appl. Phys. 89, 6719 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. J. Miltat, L. Belliard, A. Thiaville, D. Tomas, and F. Alouges, contribution HA01 at the 7th Joint MMM-Intermag Conference, 1998 (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  57. J.M. Garcia, A. Thiaville, J. Miltat, K.J. Kirk, J.N. Chapman, and F. Alouges, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 656 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. J.M. Garcia, A. Thiaville, J. Miltat, K.J. Kirk, and J.N. Chapman, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 242–245, 1267 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. R. Proksch, P. Neilson, S. Austvold, and J.J. Schmidt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 1308 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. M.M. Midzor, P.E. Wigen, D. Pelekhov, W. Chen, P.C. Hammel, and M.L. Roukes, J. Appl. Phys. 87, 6493 (2000).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Thiaville, A., Miltat, J., GarcĂ­a, J. (2005). Magnetic Force Microscopy: Images of Nanostructures and Contrast Modeling. In: Hopster, H., Oepen, H.P. (eds) Magnetic Microscopy of Nanostructures. NanoScience and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26641-0_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics