Summary
The preliminary results of long-term CO2 flux measurements at forest sites in East Asia are explained and compared with each other. The features of seasonal variation of CO2 fluxes are different among deciduous-broadleaf, evergreen-coniferous, deciduous-coniferous and tropical forests in East Asia, and the causes of difference are discussed. The integrated yearly NEP (net ecosystem production) estimated from the CO2 flux by eddy covariance method in various forests of East Asia has a notable difference in the range of 2 to 8 tC ha−1 year−1. The main factors of this difference are the annual mean temperature and tree species. Furthermore, remaining issues are discussed, such as the quantitative estimation of the CO2 flux by the eddy covariance method and the synthetic analysis of the carbon budget under collaborations with biological survey.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anthoni PA, Law BE, Unsworth MH (1999) Carbon and water vapor exchange of an open-canopied ponderosa pine ecosystem. Agr Forest Meteorol 95:151–168
Anthoni PM, Unsworth MH, Law BE, Irvine J, Baldocchi DD, Tuyl SV, Moore D (2002) Seasonal differences in carbon and water vapor exchange in young and old-growth ponderosa pine ecosystems. Agr Forest Meteorol 111:203–222
Arneth A, Kurbatova J, Kolle O, Shibistova OB, Lloyd J, Vygodskaya NN, Schulze E-D (2002) Comparative ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of energy and mass in a European Russian and a central Siberian bog 11. Inter-seasonal and inter-annual variability of CO2 fluxes. Tellus, 54B:514–530
Baldocchi D, Falge E, Gu L, Olson R, Hollinger D, Running S, Anthoni P, Bernhofer C, Davis K, Evans R, Fuentes J, Goldstein A, Katul G, Law B, Lee X, Malhi Y, Meyers T, Munger W, Oechel W, Paw UKT, Pilegaard K, Schmid HP, Valentini R, Verma S, Vesala T, Willson K, Wofsy S (2001) FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities. Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 82:2415–2434
Berbigier P, Bonefond J-M, Mellmann P (2001) CO2 and water vapour fluxes for 2 years above Euro flux forest site. Agr Forest Meteorol 108:183–197
Black TA, Denhartog G, Neumann HH, Blanken PD, Yang PC, Russell C, Nesic Z, Lee X, Chen SG, Staebler R, Novak MD (1996) Annual cycles of water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes in and above a boreal aspen forest. Glob Change Biol 2:219–229
Clark KL, Gholz HL, Moncrieff JB, Cropley F, Loescher HW (1999) Environmental controls over net exchanges of carbon dioxide from contrasting Florida ecosystems. Ecol Appl 9:936–948
Curtis PS, Hanson PJ, Bolstad P, Barford C, Randolph JC, Schumid HP, Wilson KB (2002) Bio-metric and eddy-covariance based estimates of annual carbon storage in five eastern North American deciduous forests. Agr Forest Meteorol 113:3–19
Falge E, Baldocchi D, Tenhunen J, Aubinet M, et al. (2002) Seasonality of ecosystem respiration and gross primary production as derived from FLUXNET measurements. Agr Forest Meteorol 113:53–74
Gamo M (2003) Measurements of net ecosystem production by eddy correlation method. The Tropical Forestry 57:7–16 (in Japanese)
Goulden ML, Munger JW, Fan S-M, Daube BC, Wofsy SC (1996) Exchange of carbon dioxide by a deciduous forest: response to inter-annual climate variability. Science 271:1576–1578
Goulden ML, Munger JW, Fan S-M, Daube Be, Wofsy SC (1996) Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy. Glob Change Biol 2:169–182
Goulden ML, Daube BC, Fan S-M, Sutton DJ, Bazzaz A, Munger JW, Wofsy SC (1997) Physiological responses of a black spruce forest to weather. J Geophys Res 102:28987–28996
Goulden ML, Wofsy SC, Harden JW, Trumbore SE, Crill PM, Gower ST, Fries T, Daube BC, Fan S-M, Sutton DJ, Bazzaz A, Munger JW (1998) Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw. Science 279:214–217
Grace J, Malhi Y, Lloyd J, Mcintyre J, Miranda AC, Meir P, Miranda HS (1996) The use of eddy covariance to infer the net carbon dioxide uptake of Brazilian rain forest. Glob Change Biol 2:209–217
Granier A, Pilegaard K, Jensen NO (2002) Similar net ecosystem exchange of beech stands located in France and Denmark. Agr Forest Meteorol 114:75–82
Greco S, Baldocchi DD (1996) Seasonal variations of CO2 and water vapor exchange rates over a temperate deciduous forest. Glob Change Biol 2:183–197
Hirano T, Hirata R, Fujinuma Y, Saigusa N, Yamamoto S, Harazono Y, Takada M, Inukai K, Inoue G (2003) CO2 and water vapor exchange of a larch forest in northern Japan. Tellus 55B:244–257
Hollinger DY, Goltz SM, Davidson EA, Lee JT, Tu K, Valentine HT (1999) Seasonal patterns and environmental control of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange in an ecotonal boreal forest. Glob Change Biol 5:891–902
Jia S, Akiyama T, Mo W, Inatomi M, Koizumi H (2003) Temporal and spatial variability of soil respiration in a cool temperate broad-leaved forest, 1. Measurement of spatial variance and factor analysis. Japanese Journal of Ecology 53:13–22 (in Japanese with an English summary)
Law BE, Thornton PE, Irvine J, Anthoni PM, Van Tuyl S (2001) Carbon storage and fluxes in ponderosa pine forests at different developmental stages. Glob Change Biol 7:755–777
Lee M-S, Nakane K, Nakatsubo T, Koizumi H (2003) Seasonal changes in the contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration in a cool-temperate deciduous forest. Plant Soil 255: 311–318
Lee X, Fuentes JD, Staebler RM, Neumann HH, (1999) Long-term observation of the atmospheric exchange of CO2 with a temperate deciduous forest in southern Ontario, Canada. J Geophys Res 104:15975–15984
Lindroth A, Grelle A, Moren A-S (1998) Long-term measurements of boreal forest carbon balance reveal large temperature sensitivity. Glob Change Biol 4:443–450
Lloyd J, Shibistova O, Zolotoukhine D, Kolle O, Arneth A, Wirth C, Styles JM, Tchebakova NM, Schulze E-D (2002) Seasonal and annual variations in the photosynthetic productivity and carbon balance of a central Siberian pine forest. Tellus 54B:590–610
Malhi Y, Nobre AD, Grace J, Kruijt B, Pereira MGP, Culf A, Scott S (1998) Carbon dioxide transfer over a Central Amazonian rain forest. J Geophys Res 103:31593–31612
Milyukova IM, Kolle O, Varlagin AV, Vygodskaya NN, Schulze E-D, Lloyd J (2002) Carbon balance of a southern taiga spruce stand in European Russia. Tellus 54B:429–442
Mo W, Jia S, Lee M-S, Uchida M, Koizumi H (2003) Temporal and spatial variation of soil respiration in a cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in Takayama, Japan.-Proceedings of Synthesis Workshop on the Carbon Budget in Asian Monitoring Network (Takayama, Japan), pp 53–57
Nakai Y, Kitamura K, Suzuki S, Abe S (2003) Year-long carbon dioxide exchange above a broad-leaf deciduous forest in Sapporo, Northern Japan. Tellus 55B:305–312
Nishimura N, Matsui Y, Ueyama T, Mo W, Saijo Y, Tsuda S, Yamamoto S, Koizumi H (2004) Evaluation of carbon budgets of a forest floor Sasa senanensis community in a cool-temperate forest ecosystem, central Japan. Jpn J Ecol 54 (in press)
Ohtani Y, Mizoguchi Y, Watanabe T, Yasuda Y, Toda M (2001) Carbon Dioxide Flux Above an Evergreen needle leaf forest in a temperate region of Japan. Sixth International Carbon Dioxide Conference, pp 469–472
Ohtsuka T (2003) Biometric based estimates of annual carbon budget in a cool-temperate deciduous forest stand beneath a flux tower.-Proceedings of Synthesis Workshop on the Carbon Budget in Asian Monitoring Network (Takayama, Japan), pp 37–40
Pilegaard K, Hummelshoj P, Jensen NO, Chen Z (2001) Two years of continuous CO2 eddy-flux measurements over a Danish beech forest. Agr Forest Meteorol 107:29–41
Roser C, Montagnani L, Schulze E-D, Mollicone D, Kolle O, Meroni M, Papale D, Marchesine LB, Federici S, Valentini R (2002) Net CO2 exchange rates in three different successional stages of the Dark taiga of central Siberia. Tellus 54B:642–654
Saigusa N, Yamamoto S, Murayama S, Kondo H, Nishimura N (2002) Gross primary production and net ecosystem exchange of a cool-temperate deciduous forest estimated by the eddy co-variance method. Agr Forest Meteorol 112:203–215
Schmid HP, Grimmond CSB, Cropley F, Offerlr B, Su H-B (2000) Measurements of CO2 and energy fluxes over a mixed hardwood forest in the mid-western United States. Agr Forest Meteorol 103:357–374
Shimizu T, Shimizu A, Ishizuka S, Daimaru H, Miyabuchi Y, Ogawa Y (2001) Seasonal variation of CO2 exchange and its characteristics over artificial coniferous forest stands in the warm temperate region, Japan. Sixth International Carbon Dioxide Conference, pp 416–419
Tani M, Kosugi Y, et al. (2004) Report of research results, Global environment research fund in FY2003, Ministry of Environment, Japan (in Japanese)
Valentini R, Matteucci G, Dolman AJ, Schulze E-D, et al. (2000) Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests. Nature 404:861–865
Valentini R, Angelis PD, Matteucci G, Monaco R, Dore S, Scarasciamugnozza GE (1996) Seasonal net carbon dioxide exchange of a beech forest with the atmosphere. Glob Change Biol 2:199–207
Watanabe T, Yasuda Y, Yamanoi K, Ohtani Y, Okano M, Mizoguchi Y (2000) Seasonal variations in energy and CO2 fluxes over a temperate deciduous forest at Kawagoe, Japan. Cger-Report:ws, pp 11–16
Wofsy SC, Goulden ML, Munger JW, Fan S-M, Bakwin PS, Daube BC, Bassow SL, Bazzaz FA (1993) Net exchange of CO2 in a mid-latitude forest. Science 260:1314–1317
Wang H, Saigusa N, Yamamoto S, Kondo H, Hirano H, Toriyama A, Fujinuma Y (2004) Net ecosystem CO2 exchange over a larch forest in Hokkaido, Japan. Atmos Environ 38:7021–7032
Yamamoto S, Murayama S, Saigusa N, Kondo H (1999) Seasonal and inter-annual variation of CO2 flux between a temperate forest and the atmosphere in Japan. Tellus, 51B:402–413
Yamamoto S, Saigusa N, Murayama S, Kondo H (2001) Long-term results of flux measurement from a temperate deciduous forest site (Takayama). CGER-Report M011:5–10
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Tokyo
About this paper
Cite this paper
Yamamoto, S. et al. (2005). Synthetic analysis of the CO2 fluxes at various forests in East Asia. In: Omasa, K., Nouchi, I., De Kok, L.J. (eds) Plant Responses to Air Pollution and Global Change. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/4-431-31014-2_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/4-431-31014-2_24
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-31013-6
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-31014-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)