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Modeling Skeletal Injuries in Military Scenarios

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The Mechanobiology and Mechanophysiology of Military-Related Injuries

Part of the book series: Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials ((SMTEB,volume 19))

Abstract

In this chapter, a review of the current state-of-the-art in techniques, efforts and ideas in the area of modeling skeletal injuries in military scenarios is provided. The review includes detailed discussions of the head, neck, spine, upper and lower extremity body regions. Each section begins with a description of the injury taxonomy reported for military scenarios for a particular body region and then a review of the computational modeling follows. In addition, a brief classification of modeling methods, tools and codes typically employed is provided and the processes and strategies for validation of models are discussed. Finally, we conclude with a short list of recommendations and observations for future work in this area. In summary, much work has been completed, however, there remains much to do in this research area. With continued efforts, modeling and simulation will continue to provide insight and understanding into the progression and time course of skeletal injuries in military scenarios with a high degree of spatial and temporal resolution. However, more work is needed to improve mechanistic-based modeling of injury mechanisms, such as fracture, and increase the inclusion of bio-variability into simulation frameworks.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For example, the United States Joint Theater Trauma Registry [1], United Kingdom Joint Theatre Trauma Registry [2] and the United States Army’s Total Army Injury and Health Outcomes Database [3].

  2. 2.

    Official name, not an acronym [32].

  3. 3.

    The Hybrid III 50th Percentile Male Crash Test Dummy is a widely used anthropomorphic test device for the evaluation of automotive safety restraint systems in frontal crash testing. Originally developed by General Motors, the Hybrid III 50th design is now maintained and developed by the Humanetics Innovative Solutions company, in conjunction with the Society of Automotive Engineers’ Biomechanics Committees and the U.S. National Highway Transport and Safety Administration [102].

  4. 4.

    Official name, not an acronym.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Penn State Computational Biomechanics Group, The Pennsylvania State University, 320 Leonhard Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Reuben H. Kraft

  2. Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Penn State Computational Biomechanics Group, The Pennsylvania State University, 341 Leonhard Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Rebecca A. Fielding

  3. CORVID Technologies, 145 Overhill Drive, Mooresville, NC, 28117, USA

    Kevin Lister & Allen Shirley

  4. Virtual Soldier Research Program, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    Tim Marler

  5. Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA

    Andrew C. Merkle

  6. CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way, NW Huntsville, AL, 35805, USA

    Andrzej J. Przekwas, X. G. Tan & Xianlian Zhou

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    Yoram Epstein

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Kraft, R.H. et al. (2016). Modeling Skeletal Injuries in Military Scenarios. In: Gefen, A., Epstein, Y. (eds) The Mechanobiology and Mechanophysiology of Military-Related Injuries. Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, vol 19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/8415_2016_191

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