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The Pigment in Alkaptonuria Relationship to Melanin and Other Coloured Substances: A Review of Metabolism, Composition and Chemical Analysis

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JIMD Reports, Volume 24

Part of the book series: JIMD Reports ((JIMD,volume 24))

Abstract

The pigments found in plants, animals and humic substances are well described and classified. In humans considerable progress has been made with the main pigment melanin in defining its biochemistry, the different types and function. However, analytical techniques to show these differences in vivo are still not readily available. NMR and IR spectroscopy are relatively insensitive and reveal only major structural differences. Techniques utilising MS are useful in determining elemental content but require further studies to optimise conditions for accurate mass analysis. How the components may be structurally organised seems to be the most problematic with scanning TEM and the improved FTIR of use in this respect. As regards understanding the nature of the pigment related to HGA seen in patients with Alkaptonuria (AKU), it is still thought of as a melaninlike pigment simply because of its colour and likewise thought to be a polymer of undetermined size. It is important that detailed analysis be carried out to define more accurately this pigment. However, observations suggest it to be the same as the HGA-derived pigment, pyomelanin, produced by bacteria and containing both quinone and phenolic groups. The interesting developments in alkaptonuria will be to understand how such a polymer can cause such profound collagen and connective tissue damage and how best to reverse this process.

Competing interests: None declared

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, The Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK

    N. B. Roberts, S. A. Curtis, A. M. Milan & L. R. Ranganath

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  1. N. B. Roberts
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  2. S. A. Curtis
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  3. A. M. Milan
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  4. L. R. Ranganath
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Correspondence to N. B. Roberts .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

    Johannes Zschocke

  2. Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zuri, Zurich, Switzerland

    Matthias Baumgartner

  3. Tulane University Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

    Eva Morava

  4. Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

    Marc Patterson

  5. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom

    Shamima Rahman

  6. Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

    Verena Peters

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Communicated by: Jörn Oliver Sass

Appendices

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

All procedures reported in this review were in accordance with the ethical standards of the local hospital ethics committee and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000. Informed consent was obtained from patient(s) wherever included in this review.

Conflict of Interest

NB Roberts, SACurtis, A Milan and LR Ranganath have no conflict of interest.

NB Roberts was the main author who reviewed the literature and completed the review.

SA Curtis was responsible for the UV–visible spectra.

AM Milan, a senior colleague in the AKU group, reviewed and made corrections to the manuscript.

LR Ranganath is the director of the AKU group and was responsible for the commissioning of this review and made corrections to the manuscript.

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Roberts, N.B., Curtis, S.A., Milan, A.M., Ranganath, L.R. (2015). The Pigment in Alkaptonuria Relationship to Melanin and Other Coloured Substances: A Review of Metabolism, Composition and Chemical Analysis. In: Zschocke, J., Baumgartner, M., Morava, E., Patterson, M., Rahman, S., Peters, V. (eds) JIMD Reports, Volume 24. JIMD Reports, vol 24. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/8904_2015_453

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