Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
ASGE guideline: endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006; 63:558–65.
Fouch P, Sawyer R, Sanowski RA. Push–enteroscopy for diagnosis of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990; 36:337–41.
Claar RL, Walker LS, Barnard JA. Children’s knowledge, anticipatory anxiety, procedural distress, and recall of esophagogastroduodenoscopy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002; 34:68–72.
Acharya S. Assessing the need for pre-admission visits. Pediatr Nurs. 1992; 4:20–3.
Glasper A, Stradling P. Preparing children for admission. Pediatr Nurs. 1989; 85:18–20.
Whiting M. Play and surgical patients. Pediatr Nurs. 1993; 5:11–3.
Mahajan L, Wyllie R, Steffen R et al. The effects of a psychological preparation program on anxiety in children and adolescents undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998; 27:161–5.
Williams C, Nicholls S. Endoscopic features of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in childhood. In: Baillieére’s Clinical Gastroenterology. 8 ed. Walker-Smith M. 1994; 121–31.
Ewe K. Bleeding after liver biopsy does not correlate with indices of peripheral coagulation. Dig Dis Sci. 1981; 26:388–93.
Rey J, Axon A, Budzynska A, et al. Guidelines of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (E.S.G.E.). Antibiotic prophylaxis for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endosc. 1998; 30:318–24.
El-Baba M, Tolia V, Lin C, et al. Absence of bacteremia after gastrointestinal procedures in children. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996; 44:378–82.
Sondheimer J, Sokol RJ, Taylor SF, et al. Safety, efficacy and tolerance of intestinal lavage in pediatric patients undergoing diagnostic ileo-colonoscopy. J Pediatr. 1991; 119:148–52.
Abubakar K, Goggin N, Gormally S, et al. Preparing the bowel for ileo-colonoscopy. Arch Dis Child. 1995; 73:459–61.
da Silva M, Brairs G, Patrick M, et al. Ileo-colonoscopy preparation in children: safety, efficacy, and tolerance of high versus low-volume cleansing methods. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997; 24:33–7.
Gremse D, Sacks A, Raines S. Comparison of oral sodium phosphate to polyethylene glycol-based solution for bowel preparation for ileo-colonoscopy in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1996; 23:586–90.
Trautwein A, Vinitski L, Peck S. Bowel preparation before ileo-colonoscopy in the pediatric patient: a randomized study. Gastroenterol Nurs. 1996; 19:137–9.
Dahshan A, Lin C, Peters J, et al. A randomized, prospective study to evaluate the efficacy and acceptance of three bowel preparations for ileo-colonoscopy in children. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999; 94:3497–501.
Pinfield A, Stringer M. Randomised trial of two pharmacological methods of bowel preparation for day case ileo-colonoscopy. Arch Dis Child. 1999; 80:181–3.
Chilton A, O’Sullivan M, Cox M, et al. A blinded, randomized comparison of a novel, low-dose, triple regimen with fleet phospho-soda: a study of colon cleanliness, speed and success of ileo-colonoscopy. Endosc. 2000; 32:37–41.
Marshall J, Patel M, Mahajan R, et al. Benefit of intravenous antispasmodic (hyoscyamine sulfate) as premedication for ileo-colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999; 49:720–6.
Committee on Drugs of the American Academy of Pediatrics: Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Pediatrics. 1992; 89:1110–5.
Practice Guidelines for Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology. 2002; 96:1004–17.
Nowicki MJ, Vaughn CA. Sedation and anesthesia in children for endoscopy. Techniques in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002; 4:225–30.
Hassall E. Should pediatric gastroenterologists be i.v. drug users? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993; 16:370–2.
Tolia V, Peters J, Gilger M. Sedation for pediatric endoscopic procedures. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30:477–85.
Murphy S. Sedation for invasive procedures in paediatrics. Arch Dis Child. 1997; 77:281–6.
Gilger MA, Spearman RS, Dietrich CL, et al. Safety and effectiveness of ketamine as a sedative agent for pediatric GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004; 59:659–63.
Chuang, E, Wenner WJ, Piccoli DA, et al. Intravenous sedation in pediatric upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointestinal Endosc. 1995; 42–2.
Squires R, Morriss F, Schluterman S, et al. Efficacy, safety and cost of intravenous sedation versus general anesthesia in children undergoing endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995; 41:99–104.
O’Connor KW, Jones S. Oxygen desaturation is common and is under-appreciated during elective endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990; 36:S2–4.
Yaster M, Nicholson DG, Deshpande JK et al. Midazolam-Fentanyl intravenous sedation in children: case report of respiratory arrest. Pediatrics. 1990; 86:463–7.
Bendig D. Pulse oximetry and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in infants and children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1991; 12:39–43.
Gilger M. Conscious sedation for endoscopy in the pediatric patient. Gastroenterol Nursing. 1993; 16:75–9.
Israel D, McLain B, Hassall E. Successful pan-ileocolonoscopy and ileoscopy in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1994; 19:83–9.
Dillon M, Brown S, Casey W, et al. Ileo-colonoscopy under general anesthesia. Pediatrics. 1998; 102:381–3.
Stringer M, Pinfield A, Revell L, et al. A prospective audit of paediatric ileo-colonoscopy under general anaesthesia. Acta Paediatr. 1999; 88:199–202.
Hassall E. Who should perform pediatric endoscopic sedation? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1994; 18:114–7.
Lamireau T, Dubrueil M, Daconceicao M. Oxygen saturation during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children: general anesthesia versus intravenous sedation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998; 27:172–5.
Liacouras, Mascarenhas CA, Poon M, et al. Placebo-controlled trial assessing the use of oral midazolam as a pre-medication to conscious sedation for pediatric endoscopy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1998; 47:455–60.
Hassall E, Barclay G. Ament ME. Colonoscopy in childhood. Pediatrics. 1984; 73:594–9.
Abdullah BA, Gupta SK, Croffie JM. The role of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the initial evaluation of childhood inflammatory bowel disease: A 7-year study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002; 35:633–40.
Castellaneta SP, Afzal N, Srivistava A. Diagnostic role of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;39:257–61.
Haggitt RC, Meisnner WA. Crohn disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Am J Clin Pathol. 1973; 59:613–22.
Griffiths AM, Alemayehu E, Sherman P, et al. Clinical features of gastroduodenal Crohn disease in adolescents. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1989; 8:66–71.
Lenaerts C, Roy CC, Vaillencourt M. High incidence of upper gastrointestinal tract involvement in children’s with Crohn disease. Pediatrics. 1989; 83:771–81.
Fielding JF, Toye DKM, Beton DC, et al. Crohn disease of the stomach and duodenum. Gut. 1970; 11:1001–6.
Cameron DJS. Upper and lower GI endoscopy in children and adolescents with Crohn disease: a prospective study. J Gastroenterol and Hepatol. 1991; 6:355–8.
Oberhuber G, Puspok A, Oesterreicher C, et al. Focally enhanced gastritis: a frequent type of gastritis in patients with Crohn disease. Gastroenterology. 1997; 112:698–706.
Oberhuber G, Hirch M, Stolte M. High incidence of upper gastrointestinal tract involvement in Crohn disaese. Virchow’s arch, 1998. 432:49–52.
Tobin JM, Sinha B, Ramani P, Upper gastrointestinal mucosal disease in Pediatric Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis: a blinded controlled study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001; 32:443–8.
Ruuska T, Vaajalathi P, Arajarvi P. Prospective evaluation of upper gastrointestinal mucosal lesions in children with ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1994; 19:181–6.
Mashako MN, Cezard J, Navarro J, et al. Crohn disease lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract - correlation between clinical, radiological, endoscopic and histological features in adolescents and children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1989; 8:442–6.
Kirschner BS. Gastroduodenal Crohn disease in childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1989; 9: 138–40.
Huchzermeyer H, Paul F, Seifert E, et al. Endoscopic results in five patients with Crohn disease of the esophagus. Endoscopy. 1977; 8:75–81.
Ramaswamy K, Jacobson K, Jevon G, et al. Esophageal Crohn disease in children: a clinical spectrum. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003; 36:454–8.
Rudolph I, Goldstein F, Di marino AJ, et al. Crohn disease of the esophagus: three cases and literature review. Can J Gastroenterol. 2001; 15:117–22.
Walker RS, Breuer RI, Victor T. Crohn esophagitis: a unique cause of esophageal polyposis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996; 43:511–5.
D’Haens G, Rutgeerts P, Geboes K, et al. The natural history of esophageal Crohn disease: Three patterns of evolution. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994; 40:296–300.
Geboes K, Janssens J, Rutgeerts P, et al. Crohn disease of the esophagus. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1986; 8:31–7.
Hanai H, Honda S, Sugimoto K, et al. Endoscopic therapy for multiple mucosal bridges in the esophagus of a patient with Crohn disease. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999; 50:715–7.
Rutgeerts P, Onette E, Vantrappen G, et al. Crohn disease of the stomach and the duodemun: A clinical study with emphasis on the value of endoscopy and endoscopic biopsies. Endoscopy. 1980; 12:288–94.
Schmitz-Moorman P, Malchow H, Pittner PM, et al. Endoscopic and biopsy study of the upper gastrointestinal tract in Crohn disease patients. Pathol Res Pract. 1985; 178:377–87.
Kundhal PS, Stormon MO, Zachos M, et al. Gastric antral biopsy in the differentiation of pediatric colitides. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003; 98:557–61.
Parente F, Cercino C, Bollini S, et al. Focal gastric inflammatory infiltrates in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003; 95:705–11.
Kaufman SS, Vanderhoff J, Young R, et al. Gastroenteric inflammation in children with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92:1209–12.
Sasaki M, Okada K, Koyama S, et al. Ulcerative colitis complicated by gastroduodenal lesions. J Gastroenterol. 1996; 31:585–9.
Brooker J, Saunders B, Shah S, et al. A new variable stiffness colonoscope makes ileo-colonoscopy easier: a randomised controlled trial. Gut. 2000; 46:801–5.
Tada M, Kawai K. Research with the endoscope. New techniques using magnification and chromoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol. 1986; 15:417–37.
Matsumoto T, Kuroki F, Mizuno M, et al. Application of magnifying chromoscopy for the assessment of severity in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997; 46:400–5.
Hussein A, Bartram CN, Williams C, et al. Carbon dioxide insufflation for more comfortable ileo-colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1984; 30:68–70.
Stevenson G, Wilson J, Wilkinson J, et al. Pain following ileo-colonoscopy: elimination with carbon dioxide. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992; 38: 564–7.
Cirocco W, Rusin L. Fluoroscopy: A valuable ally during difficult ileo-colonoscopy. Surg Endosc. 1996; 10:1080–4.
Latt T, Nicholl R, Domizio P, et al. Rectal bleeding and polyps. Arch Dis Child. 1993; 69:144–7.
Williams C, Saunders B, Bell G, et al. Real-time magnetic three-dimensional imaging of flexible endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1997; 7:469–75.
Williams C, Laage N, Campbell C, et al. Total ileo-colonoscopy in children. Arch Dis Child. 1982; 57:49–53.
Lipson A, Bartram C, Williams CB, et al. Barium studies and ileoscopy compared in children with suspected Crohn disease. Clin Radiol. 1990; 41:5–8.
Deere H, Thomson M, Murch S, et al. Histological comparison of rectosigmoid and full colonoscopic biopsies in the assessment of inflammatory bowel disease in childhood. Gut. 1998; 42:A55.
Geboes K, Ectors N, D’Haens G, et al. Is ileoscopy with biopsy worthwhile in patients presenting with symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease? Am J Gastroenterol. 1998; 93:201–6.
Salvatore S, Thomson M. Crohn disease or intestinal tuberculosis? Inflamm Bowel Dis Monitor. 1999; 1:59–61.
Breysem Y, Janssons J, Coremans G, et al. Endoscopic balloon dilation of colonic and ileo-colonic Crohn strictures: long-term results. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992; 38:142–7.
Gevers A, Couckay H, Coremans G, et al. Efficacy and safety of hydrostatic balloon dilation of ileocolonic Crohn strictures. A prospective long-term analysis. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1994; 57:320–2.
Gans S, AM, Cristie D, et al. Pediatric endoscopy with flexible fiberscopes. J Pediatr Surg. 1975; 10:375–80.
Howdle PD, Littelwood JM, Firth J, et al. Routine ileo-colonoscopy service. Arch Dis Child. 1984; 59:790–3.
de la Torre ML, Vargas Gomez MA, Mora Tiscarreno M, et al. Angiodysplasia of the colon in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1995; 30:72–5.
Habr Gama A. Pediatric ileo-colonoscopy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1979; 22:530–5.
Jalihal A, Mishra SP, Arvind A, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1992; 27:1220–2.
Nicholson R. Medical research with children: ethics law and practice. 1986. New York: Oxford University Press.
Livstone E, C.G., Troncale F, et al. Diastatic serosal lacerations: an unrecognized complication of ileo-colonoscopy. Gastroenterology. 1974; 67:1245–7.
Ho H, Burchell S, Morris P, et al. Colon perforation, bilateral pneumothoraces, pneumopericardium, pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema complicating endoscopic polypectomy: anatomic and management considerations. Am. Surg. 1996; 62:770–4.
Damore L, Rantis P, Vernava A, et al. Colonoscopic perforations. Etiology, diagnosis, and management. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996; 39:1308–14.
Gedebou T, Wong R, Rappaport W, et al. Clinical presentation and management of iatrogenic colon perforations. Am J Surg. 1996; 172: 454–7.
Orsoni P, Berdah S., Verrier C, et al. Colonic perforation due to ileo-colonoscopy: a retrospective study of 48 cases. Endoscopy. 1997; 29:160–4.
Rozen P, Somjan G, Baratz M, et al. Endoscope-induced colitis: description. Probable cause by glutaraldehyde, and prevention. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994; 40:547–53.
Ong E, Bohlmer U, Wurbs D. Splenic injury as a complication of endoscopy: Two case reports and a literature review. Endoscopy. 1991; 23:302–4.
Thomas A, Mitre R. Acute pancreatitis as a complication of ileo-colonoscopy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1994; 19:177–8.
Rothbaum R. Complications of pediatric endoscopy. Gastrointest Clin North Am. 1996; 6: 445–59.
Chutkun RK, Waye JD. Endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease in Inflammatory bowel disease. Ed: Kirsner J. 2000.
Jenkins D, Balsitis M, Gallivan MF, et al. Guidelines for the initial biopsy diagnosis of suspected chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. The British Society of Gastroenterology Initiative. J Clin Pathol. 1997; 50:93–105.
Modigliani R, Mary J, Simon J, et al. Clinical, biochemical, and endoscopic picture of attacks in Crohn disease: evolution on prednisolone. Gastroenterol. 1990; 98:811–8.
Lewis B. Enterosocopy. Giastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2000; 10:101–6.
Duggan C, Shamberger R, Antonioli D, et al. Intraoperative enteroscopy in the diagnosis of partial intestinal enteroscopy in infancy. Dig Dis Sci. 1995; 40:236–8.
Tada M, Misake F, Kawai K. Pediatric enteroscopy with a Sonde-type small intestine fiberscope (SSIF-type VI). Gastrointest Endosc. 1983; 29: 44–7.
Turck D, Bonnevalle M, Gottrand F, et al. Intraoperative endoscopic diagnosis of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the ileum causing recurrent acute intussusception. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1990; 11:275–8.
Darbari A, Kalloo AN, Cuffari C, et al. Diagnostic yield, safety, and efficacy of push enteroscopy in pediatrics. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006; 64:224–8.
Barkin J, Lewis B, Reiner D, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic jejunoscopy with a new, longer enteroscope. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992; 38:55–8.
MacKenzie J. Push enteroscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1999; 9:29–36.
Perez-Cuadrado E, Macenalle, Iglesias J, et al. Usefulness of oral video push enteroscopy in Crohn disease. Endoscopy. 1997; 29: 745–47.
Yamamoto H, Sekine Y, Sato Y, et al. Total enteroscopy with a non surgical steerable double balloon method. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001; 53:216–20.
May A, Nachbar L, Wardek A, et al. Double balloon enteroscopy: preliminary experience with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding or chronic abdominal pain. Endoscopy. 2003; 35:985–91.
Yamamoto H, Sugano K. A new method of enteroscopy: the double balloon method. Can J Gastroenterol. 2003; 17:273–4.
Oshitani N, Yukawa T, Yamagami H, et al. Evaluation of deep small bowel involvement by double balloon enteroscopy in Crohn Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006; 101:1484–9.
Mallery S, Van Dam J. Interventional endoscopic ultrasonography: current status and future direction. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1999; 29:297–305.
Shimizu S, Tada M, Kawai K, et al. Value of endoscopic ultrasonography in the assessment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Endoscopy. 1992; 24:354–8.
Hildebrandt U, Kraus J, Ecker K, et al. Endosonographic differentiation of mucosal and transmucosal non-specific inflammatory bowel disease. Endoscopy. 1992; 24:359–63.
Tio T, Mulder C, Wijers O, et al. Endosonography of peri-anal and peri-colorectal fistula and/or abscess in Crohn disease. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990; 36:331–6.
Soweid A, Chak A, Katz J, et al. Catheter probe assisted endoluminal US in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999; 50:41–6.
Togashi K, Konishi F. Magnification Chromo-colonoscopy. ANZ J Surg. 2006; 76:1101–5.
Kudo S. Endoscopic mucosal resection of flat and depressed types of early colorectal cancer. Endoscopy. 1993; 25:455–61.
Ohta A, Tominaga K, Sakai Y, et al. Efficacy of magnifying colonoscopy for the diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia: comparison with histopathological findings. Dig Endosc. 2004; 16:308–14.
Hurlstone DP, Fuji T, Lobo AJ, et al. Early detection of colorectal cancer using high-magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy. B. J. Surg. 2002; 89:272–82.
Fujiya M, Saitoh Y, Nomura M, et al. Minute findings by magnifying colonoscopy are useful for the evaluation of ulcerative colitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002. 56:535–42.
Matts SG. The value of rectal biopsy in the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. Q J Med. 1961; 30:393–407.
Sugano S, Fujinuma S, Sakai Y, et al. Magnifying colonoscopy for the diagnosis of inflammatory changes in ulcerative colitis. Dig Endosc. 2006; 18:173–180.
Matsumoto T, Nakamura S, Jo Y, et al. Chromoscopy might improve diagnostic accuracy in cancer surveillance for ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003; 98:1827–33.
Delaney PM, Harris MR. Fibroptics in confocal microscopy, in Handbook of biological confocal microscopy. Ed: Pawley JB. 1995; 515–23.
Kiesslich R, Goetz M, Vieth M. et al. Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2005; 15:715–31.
Polglase AL, McLaren W, Skinner SA, et al. A fluorescence confocal endomicroscope for in vivo microscopy of the upper- and the lower-GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005; 62:686–95.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Venkatesh, K., Thomson, M. (2008). Endoscopic Modalities in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. In: Mamula, P., Markowitz, J.E., Baldassano, R.N. (eds) Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73481-1_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73481-1_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-73480-4
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-73481-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)