Skip to main content

Multivariate Genetic Analysis

  • Chapter
Handbook of Behavior Genetics

The main goal of behavior genetics’ research is to understand the causes of variation in (human) traits. When single traits are considered, observed trait variation is decomposed into sources of genetic and environmental variation. A genetically informative design, such as the classical twin design, allows estimating the relative contributions of these sources of variation. When multiple traits are considered, genetically informative designs additionally allow investigating the causes of co-variation between two or more traits. Such multivariate genetic analyses are usually more powerful than univariate genetic analyses (Schmitz, Cherny,&Fulker 1998), may aid in understanding underlying biological mechanisms, and may provide a faster route to gene-finding and elucidating environmental factors that influence a trait (Leboyer et al., 1998).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Boomsma, D. I., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (1986). Using LISREL to analyze genetic and environmental covariance structure. Behavior Genetics, 16, 237–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boomsma, D. I., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (1987). The genetic analysis of repeated measures I: Simplex models. Behavior Genetics, 17, 111–123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, G. (1988). Inference about genetic correlations. Behavior Genetics, 18, 329–338.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Geus, E. J., Kupper, N., Boomsma, D. I., & Snieder, H. (2007). Bivariate genetic modeling of cardiovascular stress reactivity: does stress uncover genetic variance? Psychosomatic Medicine, 69(4), 356–364. Epub 2007 May 17. Erratum in (2007 Jun): Psychosomatic Medicine, 69(5), 89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derks, E. M., Hudziak, J. J., van Beijsterveldt, C. E., Dolan, C. V., & Boomsma, D. I. (2004). A study of genetic and environmental influences on maternal and paternal CBCL syndrome scores in a large sample of 3-year-old Dutch twins. Behavior Genetics, 34(6), 571–583.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, C. V. (1992). Biometric decomposition of phenotypic means in human samples. PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, C. V., Molenaar, P. C. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (1991). Simultaneous genetic analysis of longitudinal means and covariance structure in the simplex model using twin data. Behavior Genetics, 21, 49–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, D. L., & Martin, N. G. (1994). Inferring the direction of causation in cross-sectional twin data: Theoretical and empirical considerations. Genetic Epidemiology, 11(6), 483–502.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L. J., & Gale, J. S. (1974). A method for analyzing the genetic basis of covariation. Behavior Genetics, 4, 253–267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, C. A., Rhee, S. H., Willcutt, E. G., & Pennington, B. F. (2007). Modeling rater disagreement for ADHD: Are parents or teachers biased? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(4), 536–542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, A. C., Kessler, R. C., Neale, M. C., Hewitt, J. K., Eaves, L. J., Kendler, K. S. (1993). Testing hypotheses about direction of causation using cross-sectional family data. Behavior Genetics, 23(1), 29–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, J. K., Silberg, J. L., Neale, M. C., Eaves, L. J., & Erickson, M. (1992). The analysis of parental ratings of children’s behavior using LISREL. Behavior Genetics, 22(3), 293–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hotelling, H. (1933). Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal component. Journal Educational Psychology, 24, 417–441, 498–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hottenga, J. J., & Boomsma, D. I. (2007). QTL detection in multivariate data from sibling pairs. In M. Ferreira, B. Neale, S. E. Medland, & D. Posthuma (Eds.), Dissection of complex trait variation through linkage and association (pp. 239–264.). Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joumlreskog, K., & Soumlrbom, D. (1986). LISREL: Analysis of linear structural relationships by the method of maximum likelihood. Chicago: National Education Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, M., & Heckman, N. (1989). A quantitative genetic model for growth, shape, reaction norms, and other infinite-dimensional characters. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 27, 429–450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D. N., & Riso, L. P. (1993). Psychiatric disorders: Problems of boundaries and co-morbidity. In Costello (Ed.), Basic issues in psychopathology. New York: Guildford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, R. F., & Markon, K. E. (2006). Reinterpreting comorbidity: A model-based approach to understanding and classifying psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 111–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, D. N., & Maxwell, A. E. (1971). Factor analysis as a statistical method. London: Butterworths.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leboyer, M., Bellivier, F., Nosten-Bertrand, M., Jouvent, R., Pauls, D., & Mallet, J. (1998). Psychiatric genetics: Search for phenotypes. Trends in Neuroscience, 21(3), 102–105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., Liu, Y., Liu, X., & Deng, H. W. (2007). Bayesian mapping of quantitative trait loci for multiple complex traits with the use of variance components. American Journal of Human Genetics, 81(2), 304–320. Epub 2007, July 3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marlow, A. J., Fisher, S. E., Francks, C., MacPhie, I. L., Cherny, S. S., Richardson, A. J., et al. (2003). Use of multivariate linkage analysis for dissection of a complex cognitive trait. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72(3), 561–570. Epub 2003, February 13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, N. G., & Eaves, L. J. (1977). The genetical analysis of covariance structure. Heredity, 38, 79–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McArdle, J. J. (1986). Latent variable growth within behavior genetic models. Behavior Genetics, 16, 163–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Middeldorp, C. M., Cath, D. C., Van Dyck, R., & Boomsma, D. I. (2005). The co-morbidity of anxiety and depression in the perspective of genetic epidemiology: A review of twin and family studies. Psychological Medicine, 35(5), 611–624.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulaik, S. A. (1972). The foundations of factor analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neale, M. C. (1997). Mx: Statistical modeling (3rd ed.). Box 980126 MCV, Richmond VA 23298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neale, M. C., & Cardon, L. R. (1992). Methodology for genetic studies of twins and families. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neale, M. C., Duffy, D. L., & Martin, N. G. (1994). Direction of causation: Reply to commentaries. Genetic Epidemiology, 11(6), 463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neale, M. C., Eaves, L. J., Kendler, K. S., Heath, A. C., & Kessler, R. C. (1994). Multiple regression with data collected from relatives: Testing assumptions of the model. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 29(1), 33–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (1995). Models of co-morbidity for multifactorial disease. American Journal of Human Genetics, 57, 935–953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neale, M. C., & Maes, H. H. (in press). Methodology for genetic studies of twins and families. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neale, M. C., & McArdle, J. J. (2000). Structured latent growth curves for twin data. Twin Research, 3, 165–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neale, M. C., Walters, E., Heath, A. C., Kessler, R. C., Peacuterusse, D., Eaves, L. J., et al. (1994). Depression and parental bonding: Cause, consequence, or genetic covariance? Genetic Epidemiology, 11(6), 503–522.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pletcher, S. D., & Geyer, C. J. (1999). The genetic analysis of age-dependent traits: Modelling the character process. Genetics, 153, 825–835.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Posthuma, D., Beem, A. L., de Geus, E. J., van Baal, G. C., von Hjelmborg, J. B., Iachine, I., et al. (2003). Theory and practice in quantitative genetics. Twin Research, 6(5), 361–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posthuma, D., de Geus, E. J., Baare, W. F., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Kahn, R. S., & Boomsma, D. I. (2002). The association between brain volume and intelligence is of genetic origin. Nature Neuroscience, 5(2), 83–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhee, S. H., Hewitt, J. K., Corley, R. P., & Stallings, M. C. (2003). The validity of analyses testing the etiology of comorbidity between two disorders: Comparisons of disorder prevalences in families. Behavior Genetics, 33(3), 257–269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhee, S. H., Hewitt, J. K., Lessem, J. M., Stallings, M. C., Corley, R. P., & Neale, M. C. (2004). The validity of the Neale and Kendler model-fitting approach in examining the etiology of comorbidity. Behavior Genetics, 34(3), 251–265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhee, S. H., Hewitt, J. K., Young, S. E., Corley, R. P., Crowley, T. J., Neale, M. C., et al. (2006). Comorbidity between alcohol dependence and illicit drug dependence in adolescents with antisocial behavior and matched controls. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 84(1), 85–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rijsdijk, F. V., Vernon, P. A., & Boomsma, D. I. (2002). Application of hierarchical genetic models to Raven and WAIS subtests: A Dutch twin study. Behavior Genetics, 32(3), 199–210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1994). Co-morbidity: Meanings and mechanisms clinical psychology. Science and Practice, 1(1), 100–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, S., Cherny, S. S., & Fulker, D. W. (1998). Increase in power through multivariate analyses. Behavior Genetics, 28(5), 357–363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonoff, E. (2000). Extracting meaning from comorbidity: Genetic analyses that make sense. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(5), 667–674.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Hewitt, J., Silberg, J., Rutter, M., Loeber, R., et al. (1995). Multiple raters of disruptive child behavior: Using a genetic strategy to examine shared views and bias. Behavior Genetics, 25(4), 311–326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spearman, C. (1904). General intelligence, objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology, 15, 201–293.%

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thurstone, L. L. (1947). Multiple factor analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandenberg, S. G., & Falkner, F. (1965). Hereditary factors in human growth. Human Biology, 37, 357–365.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. T., Van Eerdewegh, P., Almasy, L., & Blangero, J. (1999). Joint multipoint linkage analysis of multivariate qualitative and quantitative traits. I. Likelihood formulation and simulation results. American Journal of Human Genetics, 65(4), 1134–1147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Danielle Posthuma .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Posthuma, D. (2009). Multivariate Genetic Analysis. In: Kim, YK. (eds) Handbook of Behavior Genetics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76727-7_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics