Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neuroimaging in Women

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Neuropsychology of Women

Part of the book series: Issues of Diversity in Clinical Neuropsychology ((ISSUESDIV))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alivisatos, B., & Petrides, M. (1997). Functional activation of the human brain during mental rotation. Neuropsychologia, 35, 111–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, E., Schleicher, A., Omran, H., Curtis, M., & Zilles, K. (1995). The ontogeny of human gyrification. Cerebral Cortex, 5, 56–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Artiges, E., Martinot, J.-L., Verdys, M., Attar-Levy, D., Mazoyer, B., & Tzourio, N. (2000). Altered hemispheric functional dominance during word generation in negative schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 709–721.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballmaier, M., O’Brien, J. T., Burton, E. J., Thompson, P. M., Rex, D. E., Narr, K. L., et al. (2004). Comparing gray matter loss profiles between dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease using cortical pattern matching: diagnosis and gender effects. NeuroImage, 23, 325–335.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H., Chitnis, X., Wheelwright, S., Gregory, L., Williams, S., et al. (2006). fMRI of parents of children with Asperger Syndrome: a pilot study Brain and Cognition, 61, 122–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beaumont, J. G., Kenealy, P. M., & Rogers, M. J. C. (1999). The Blackwell dictionary of neuropsychology. Malden: Blackwell Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borod, J. C., Koff, E., Lorch, M. P., & Nicholas, M. (1986). The expression and perception of facial emotion in brain-damaged patients. Neuropsychologia, 24, 169–180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, N. L., Buchanan, R. W., Vladar, K., Breier, A., & Rothman, M. (1999). Gender differences in temporal lobe structures of patients with schizophrenia: a volumetric MRI study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 603–609.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, U., Malone, S., Johnston, J., & Cammock, T. (1985). Sex differences in children’s group embedded Figures Test performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 653–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callen, D. J. A., Black, S. E., Caldwell, C. B., & Grady, C. L. (2004). The influence of sex on limbic volume and perfusion in AD. Neurobiology of Aging, 25, 761–770.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castellanos, F. X., Giedd, J. N., Berquin, P. C., Walter, J. M., Sharp, W., Tran, T., et al. (2001). Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 289–295.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castellanos, F. X., Giedd, J. N., Marsh, S. D., Hamburger, S. D., Vaituzis, A. C., Dickstein, D. P., et al. (1996). Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 607–616.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caviness, V. S., Kennedy, D. N., Bates, J. F., & Makris, N. (1996). The developing human brain: a morphometric profile. In R. W. Thatcher, G. Reid Lyon, J. Rumsey, & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Developmental neuroimaging: mapping the development of brain and behavior (pp. 3–14). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A. S., Maclusky, N. J., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1988). Androgen binding and metabolism in the cerebral cortex of the developing rhesus monkey. Endocrinology, 123, 932–940.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen-Bendahan, C. C. C., Buitelaar, J. K., van Goozen, S. H. M., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2004). Prenatal exposure to testosterone and functional cerebral lateralization: a study in same-sex and opposite-sex twin girls. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 911–916.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R. M., Nordahl, T. E., Semple, W. E., & Pickar, D. (1999). The brain metabolic patterns of clozapine- and fluphenazine-treated female patients with schizophrenia: evidence of a sex effect. Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 632–640.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collinson, S. L., Mackay, C. E., James, A. C., Quested, D. J., Phillips, T., Roberts, N., et al. (2003). Brain volume, asymmetry and intellectual impairment in relation to sex in early-onset schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 114–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowell, P. E., Turetsky, B. I., Gur, R. C., Grossman, R. I., Shtasel, D. L., & Gur, R. E. (1994). Sex differences in aging of the human frontal and temporal lobes. The Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 4748–4755.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, M., Cutter, W., Norbury, R., & Myrphy, D. (2004). X chromosome, estrogen, and brain development: implications for schizophrenia. In M. S. Keshavan, J. L. Kennedy, & R. M. Murray (Eds.), Neurodevelopment and schizophrenia (pp. 330–346). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Crow, T. J. (1998). Schizophrenia as a transcallosal misconnection syndrome. Schizophrenia Research, 30, 111–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davatzikos, C., & Resnick, S. M. (1998). Sex differences in anatomic measures of interhemispheric connectivity: correlations with cognition in women but not men. Cerebral Cortex, 8, 635–640.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davatzikos, C., Shen, D., Gur, R. C., Wu, X., Liu, D., Fan, Y., et al. (2005). Whole-brain morphometric study of schizophrenia revealing a spatially complex set of focal abnormalities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1218–1227.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Beers, S. R., Hall, J., Frustaci, K., Masalehdan, A., et al. (2001). Sex differences in brain maturation during childhood and adolescence. Cerebral Cortex, 11, 552–557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeCarli, C. (2003). Defining mild cognitive impairment: prevalence, prognosis, etiology, and treatment. Lancet Neurology, 2, 15–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeCarli, C., Massaro, J., Harvey, D., Hald, J., Tullberg, M., Au, R., et al. (2005). Measures of brain morphology and infarction in the Framingham heart study: establishing what is normal. Neurobiology of Aging, 26, 491–510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dekaban, A. S., & Sadowsky, D. (1978). Changes in brain weights during the span of human life: relation of brain weights to body heights and body weights. Annals of Neurology, 4, 345–356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eberling, J. L., Wu, C., Haan, M. N., Mungas, D., Buonocore, M., & Jagust, W. J. (2003). Preliminary evidence that estrogen protects against age-related hippocampal atrophy. Neurobiology of Aging, 24, 725–732.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edland, S. D., Xu, Y., Plevak, M., O’Brien, P., Tangalos, E. G., Petersen, R. C., et al. (2002). Total intracranial volume: normative values and lack of association with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 59, 272–274.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eikelenboom, M. J., Killestein, J., Uitdehaag, B. M., & Polman, C. H. (2005). Sex differences in proinflammatory cytokine profiles of progressive patients in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis, 11, 520–523.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erdogan, A. R., Dane, S., Dumlu Aydin, M., Ozdikici, M., & Diyarbakirli, S. (2004). Sex and handedness differences in size of cerebral ventricles of normal subjects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 114, 67–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, M., Cohen, R. M., Liebenauer, L. L., Jons, P. H., & Zametkin, A. J. (1997). Cerebral glucose metabolism in adolescent girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1399–1406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, M., Liebenauer, L. L., King, A. C., Fitzgerald, G. A., Cohen, R. M., & Zametkin, A. J. (1994). Reduced brain metabolism in hyperactive girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 858–868.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Filipek, P. A., & Blickman, J. G. (1992). Neurodiagnostic laboratory procedures: neuroimaging techniques. In R. B. David (Ed.), Pediatric neurology for the clinician (pp. 33–56). Norwalk: Appleton-Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Filipek, P. A., Kennedy, D. N., & Caviness, V. (1992). Neuroimaging in child neuropsychology. In I. Rapin & S. J. Segalowitz (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology, (Vol. 6, pp. 301–329). New York: Oxford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Filipek, P. A., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Steingard, R. J., Renshaw, P. F., Kennedy, D. N., & Biederman, J. (1997). Volumetric MRI analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with normal controls. Neurology, 48, 589–601.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frederikse, M. E., Lu, A., Aylward, E., Barta, P., & Pearlson, G. (1999). Sex differences in the inferior parietal lobule. Cerebral Cortex, 9, 896–901.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frost, J. A., Binder, J. R., Springer, J. A., Hammeke, T. A., Bellgowan, P. S. F., & Rao, S. (1999). Language processing is strongly left lateralized in both sexes. Evidence from functional MRI. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 122, 199–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J. D., Jeffries, N. O., Rajapakse, J. C., Vaituzis, A. C., Liu, H., et al. (1999). Development of the human corpus callosum during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacolology & Biological Psychiatry, 23, 571–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giedd, J. N., Castellanos, F. X., Rajapakse, J. C., Vaituzis, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1997). Sexual dimorphism of the developing human brain. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 21, 1185–1201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giedd, J. N., Rosenthal, M. A., Rose, A. B., Blumenthal, J. D., Molloy, E., Dopp, R. R., et al. (2004). Brain development in healthy children and adolescents: magnetic resonance imaging studies. In M. S. Keshavan (Ed.), Neurodevelopment and schizophrenia (pp. 35–43). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Giedd, J. N., Snell, J. W., Lange, N., Rajapakse, J. C., Casey, B. J., Kozuch, P. L., et al. (1996). Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of human brain development: ages 4–18. Cerebral Cortex, 6, 551–560.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, J. M., Seidman, L. J., Horton, N. J., Makris, N., Kennedy, D. N., Caviness, V. S. Jr., et al. (2001). Normal sexual dimorphism of the adult human brain assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Cerebral Cortex, 11, 490–497.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, J. M., Seidman, L. J., Makris, N., Ahern, T., O’Brien, L. M., Caviness, J. V. S., et al. (2007). Hypothalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia: sex effects and genetic vulnerability. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 935–945.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, J. M., Seidman, L. J., O’Brien, L. M., Horton, N. J., Kennedy, D. N., Makris, N., et al. (2002). Impact of normal sexual dimorphisms on sex differences in structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 154–164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., O’Brist, W. D., Hungerbuhler, J. P., Younklin, D., Rosen, A. D., et al. (1982). Sex and handedness differences in cerebral blood flow during rest and cognitive activity. Science, 217, 660–662.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R.C., Sara, R., Hagendoom, M., Marom, O., Hughett, P., Macy, L., et al. (2002). A method for obtaining 3-dimensional facial expressions and its standardization for use in neuro cognitive studies. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 115, 137–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R. C., Mozley, L. H., Mozley, P. D., Resnick, S. M., Karp, J. S., Alavi, A., et al. (1995). Sex differences in regional cerebral glucose metabolism during a resting state. Science, 267, 528–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R. C., Mozley, P. D., Resnick, S. M., Gottlieb, G. L., Kohn, M., Zimmerman, R., et al. (1991). Gender differences in age effect on brain atrophy measured by magnetic resonance imaging. PNAS, 88, 2845–2849.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R. C., Skolnick, B. E., & Gur, R. E. (1994). Effects of emotional discrimination tasks on cerebral blood flow: regional activation and its relation to performance. Brain and Cognition, 25, 271–286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R. E., Cowell, P. E., Latshaw, A., Turetsky, B. I., Grossman, R. I., Arnold, S. E., et al. (2000). Reduced dorsal and orbital prefrontal gray matter volumes in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 761–768.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R. E., Turetsky, B. I., Cowell, P. E., Finkelman, C., Maany, V., Grossman, R. I., et al. (2000). Temporolimbic volume reductions in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 769–775.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harasty, J., Double, K. L., Halliday, G. M., Kril, J. J., & McRitchie, D. A. (1997). Language-associated cortical regions are proportionally larger in the female brain. Archives of Neurology, 54, 171–176.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatazawa, J., Brooks, R. A., Di Chiro, G., & Campbell, G. (1987). Global cerebral glucose utilization is independent of brain size: a PET study. Journal of Comparative Assistant Tomography, 11, 571–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser, P., Dauphinais, I. D., Berrenttini, W., DeLisi, L. E., Gelernter, J., & Post, R. M. (1989). Corpus callosum dimensions measured by magnetic resonance imaging in bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 26, 659–668.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hebert, L. E., Scherr, P. A., McCann, J. J., Beckett, L. A., & Evans, D. A. (2001). Is the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease greater for women than for men? American Journal of Epidemiology, 153, 132–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hebert, L. E., Wilson, R. S., Gilley, D. W., Beckett, L. A., Scherr, P. A., Bennett, D. A., et al. (2000). Decline of language among women and men with Alzheimer’s disease. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55, P354–P361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Highley, J. R., Esiri, M. M., McDonald, B., Cortina-Borja, M., Herron, B. M., & Crow, T. J. (1999). The size and fibre composition of the corpus callosum with respect to gender and schizophrenia: a post-mortem study. Brain, 122, 99–110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huttenlocher, P. R. (1990). Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development. Neuropsychologia, 28, 517–527.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hynd, G. W., & Semrud-Clikeman, M. (1989). Dyslexia and brain morphology. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 447–482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hynd, G. W., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Lorys, A. R., Novey, E. S., & Eliopulos, D. (1990). Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity. Archives of Neurology, 47, 919–926.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jack, C. R. Jr., Dickson, D. W., Parisi, J. E., Xu, Y. C., Cha, R. H., O’ Brien, P. C., et al. (2002). Antemortem MRI findings correlate with hippocampal neuropathology in typical aging and dementia. Neurology, 58, 750–757.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jernigan, T. L., Trauner, D. A., Hesselink, J. R., & Tallal, P. A. (1991). Maturation of human cerebrum observed in vivo during adolescence. Brain, 114, 2037–2049.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Koeppe, R. A., & Awh, E. (1993). Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET. Nature, 363, 623–625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juottonen, K., Laakso, M. P., Insausti, R., Lehtovirta, M., Pitkänen, A., Partanen, K., et al. (1998). Volumes of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 19, 15–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kallai, J., Csatho, A., Kover, F., Makany, T., Nemes, J., Horvath, K., et al. (2005). MRI-assessed volume of the left and right hippocampi in females correlates with the relative length of the second and fourth fingers (the 2D:4D ratio). Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 140, 199–210.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, D. B. (1993). Androgens and brain development: possible contributions to developmental dyslexia. In A. M. Galaburda (Ed.), Dyslexia and development: Neurobiological aspects of extra-ordinary brains (pp. 21–41). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidron, D., Black, S. E., Stanchev, P., Buck, B., Szalai, J. P., Parker, J., et al. (1997). Quantitative MR volumetry in Alzheimer’s disease: topographic markers and the effects of sex and education. Neurology, 49, 1504–1512.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. H. Y., Ellman, A., & Juraska, J. M. (1996). A re-examination of sex differences in axon density and number in the splenium of the rat corpus callosum. Brain Research, 740, 47–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler, C. G., Turner, T. H., Bilker, W. B., Brensinger, C. M., Siegel, S. J., Kanes, S. J., et al. (2003). Facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: intensity effects and error pattern. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1768–1774.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kulynych, J. J., Vladar, K., Jones, D. W., & Weinberger, D. R. (1994). Gender differences in the normal lateralization of the supratemporal cortex: MRI surface-rendering morphometry of Heschl’s gyrus and the planum temporale. Cerebral Cortex, 4, 107–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, J., Laurin, D., Verreault, R., Hébert, R., Helliwell, B., Hill, G. B., et al. (2002). Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156, 445–453.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loranger, A. W. (1984). Sex difference in age at onset of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 157–161.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luna, B., & Sweeney, J. A. (2004). Cognitive development: functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. In M. S. Keshavan (Ed.), Neurodevelopment and Schizophrenia (pp. 45–68). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lyketsos, C. G., Steele, C., Galik, E., Rosenblatt, A., Steinberg, M., Warren, A., et al. (1999). Physical aggression in dementia patients and its relationship to depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 66–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, J. T. (2002). Digit ratio: a pointer to fertility, behavior, and health. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maquet, P., Lejeune, H., Pouthas, V., Bonnet, M., Casini, L., Macar, F., et al. (1996). Brain activation induced by estimation of duration: a PET study. NeuroImage, 3, 119–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsui, M., Gur, R. C., Turetsky, B. I., Yan, M. X. H., & Gur, R. E. (2000). The relation between tendency for psychopathology and reduced frontal brain volume in healthy people. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, & Behavioral Neurology, 13, 155–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEwen, B. S. (1983). Gonadal steroid influences on brain development and sexual differentiation. In R. Greep (Ed.), Reproductive Physiology (pp. 99–145). Baltimore: University Park.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesulam, M. M. (1998). From sensation to cognition. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 121, 1013–1052.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moffat, S. D., Szekely, C. A., Zonderman, A. B., Kabani, N. J., & Resnick, S. M. (2000). Longitudinal change in hippocampal volume as a function of apolipoprotein E genotype. Neurology, 55, 134–136.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, V., Sanz, J., Sarramea, F., Misiego, J. M., Benito, C., & Palomo, T. (2005). Association between excessive frontal cerebrospinal fluid and illness duration in males but not in females with schizophrenia. European Psychiatry, 20, 332–338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, D. G., DeCarli, C., Daly, E., Haxby, J. V., Allen, G., White, B. J., et al. (1993). X-chromosome effects on female brain: a magnetic resonance imaging study of Turner’s syndrome. Lancet, 342, 1197–1200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Narr, K. L., Thompson, P. M., Sharma, T., Moussai, J., Cannestra, A. F., & Toga, A. W. (2000). Mapping morphology of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 40–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nitrini, R., Buchpiguel, C. A., Caramelli, P., Bahia, V. S., Mathias, S. C., Nascimento, C. M. R., et al. (2000). SPECT in Alzheimer’s disease: features associated with bilateral parietotemporal hypoperfusion. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 101, 172–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nopoulos, P., Flaum, M., O’Leary, D., & Andreasen, N. C. (2000). Sexual dimorphism in the human brain: evaluation of tissue volume, tissue composition and surface anatomy using magnetic resonance imaging. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 98, 1–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Keefe, J. A., Pedersen, E. B., Castro, J. A., & Handa, R. J. (1993). The ontogeny of estrogen receptors in heterochronic hippocampal and neocortical transplants an intrinsic developmental program. Brain Research: Developmental Brain Research, 75, 105–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ott, B. R., Lapane, K. L., & Gambassi, G. (2000). Gender differences in the treatment of behavior problems in Alzheimer’s disease. SAGE Study Group. Systemic Assessment of Geriatric drug use via Epidemiology. Neurology, 54, 427–432.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parellada, E., Lomena, F., Catafau, A. M., Bernardo, M., Font, M., Fernandez-Egea, E., et al. (2004). Lack of sex differences in striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding in drug-naive schizophrenic patients: an IBZM-SPECT study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 130, 79–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Passe, T. J., Jajagopalan, P., Tupler, L. A., Byrum, C. E., Macfall, J. R., & Ranga Rama Krishnan, K. (1997). Age and sex effects on brain morphology. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 21, 1231–1237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paulsen, J. S., Salmon, D. P., Thal, L. J., Romero, R., Weisstein-Jenkins, C., Galasko, D., et al. (2000). Incidence of and risk factors for hallucinations and delusions in patients with probable AD. Neurology, 54, 1965–1971.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfefferbaum, A., Mathalon, D. H., Sullivan, E. V., Rawles, J. M., Zipursky, R. B., & Lim, K. O. (1994). A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of changes in brain morphology from infancy to late adulthood. Archives of Neurology, 51, 874–887.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pozzilli, C., Tomassini, V., Marinelli, F., Paolillo, A., Gasperini, C., & Bastianello, S. (2003). ‘Gender gap’ in multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging evidence. European Journal of Neurology, 10, 95–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., LaCasse, L., & Colletti, P. (2000). Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 119–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A. U., Harrison, G. N., Reynolds, G. P., Sheard, C., et al. (1990). Structural and functional characteristics of the corpus callosum in schizophrenics, psychiatric controls, and normal controls: a magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological evaluation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 1060–1064.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raz, N., Lindenberger, U., Rodrigue, K. M., Kennedy, K. M., Head, D., Williamson, A., et al. (2005). Regional brain changes in aging healthy adults: general trends, individual differences and modifiers. Cerebral Cortex, 15, 1676–1689.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, A. L., Abrams, M. T., Singer, H. S., Ross, J. L., & Denckla, M. B. (1996). Brain development, gender and IQ in children. A volumetric imaging study. Brain, 119, 1763–1774.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, A. B., Merke, D. P., Clasen, L. S., Rosenthal, M. A., Wallace, G. L., Vaituzis, A. C., et al. (2004). Effects of hormones and sex chromosomes on stress-influenced regions of the developing pediatric brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032, 231–233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruitenberg, A., Ott, A., van Swieten, J. C., Hofman, A., & Breteler, M. M. (2001). Incidence of dementia: does gender make a difference? Neurobiology of Aging, 22, 575–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salat, D., Ward, A., Kaye, J. A., & Janowsky, J. S. (1997). Sex differences in the corpus callosum with aging. Neurobiology of Aging, 18, 191–197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlaepfer, T. E., Harris, G. J., Tien, A. Y., Peng, L., Lee, S., & Pearlson, G. D. (1995). Structural differences in the cerebral cortex of healthy female and male subjects: an MRI study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 61, 129–135.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scholten, M. R. M., Aleman, A., Montagne, B., & Kahn, R. S. (2005). Schizophrenia and processing of facial emotions: sex matters. Schizophrenia Research, 78, 61–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, R. T., Cho, N. K., Staib, L. H., Kier, L. E., Fletcher, J. M., Shaywitz, S. E., et al. (1994). Brain morphology in normal and dyslexic children: the influence of sex and age. Annals of Neurology, 35, 732–742.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Semrud-Clikeman, M., & Pliszka, S. R. (2006). Correction: volumetric MRI differences in treatment-naïve vs chronically treated children with ADHD. Neurology, 67, 1023–1027.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapleske, J., Rossell, S. L., Woodruff, P. W. R., & David, A. S. (1999). The planum temporale: a systematic, quantitative review of its structural, functional and clinical significance. Brain Research Reviews, 29, 26–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Pugh, K. R., Constable, R. T., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R. B., et al. (1995). Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language. Nature, 373, 607–609.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sholl, S. A., & Kim, K. L. (1989). Estrogen receptors in the rhesus monkey brain during fetal development. Developmental Brain Research, 50, 189–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R., & Studd, J. W. (1992). A pilot study of the effect upon multiple sclerosis of the menopause, hormone replacement therapy and the menstrual cycle. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 85, 612–613.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer, I. E. C., Ramsey, N. F., Mandl, R. C. W., & Kahn, R. S. (2003). Language lateralization in female patients with schizophrenia: an fMRI study. Schizophrenia Research, 60, 183–190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sowell, E. R., Trauner, D. A., Gamst, A., & Jernigan, T. L. (2002). Development of cortical and subcortical brain structures in childhood and adolescence: a structural MRI study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 44, 4–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D. G. (2001). Brain damage, sex hormones and recovery: a new role for progesterone and estrogen? Trends in Neuroscience, 24, 386–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D. G., & Hoffman, S. W. (2003). Estrogen and progesterone as neuroprotective agents in the treatment of acute brain injuries. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 6, 13–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, T., Kawasaki, Y., Kurokawa, K., Hagino, H., Nohara, S., Yamashita, I., et al. (2002). Lack of normal structural asymmetry of the anterior cingulate gyrus in female patients with schizophrenia: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. Schizophrenia Research, 55, 69–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988). Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain. 3-Dimensional proportional system: an approach to cerebral imaging. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomassini, V., Onesti, E., Mainero, C., Giugni, E., Paolillo, A., Salvetti, M., et al. (2005). Sex hormones modulate brain damage in multiple sclerosis: MRI evidence. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 76, 272–275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torre, J. de la (Ed.). (1997). Cerebrovascular pathology in Alzheimer's disease: New York: New York Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vadlamudi, L., Hatton, R., Byth, K., Harasty, J., Vogrin, S., Cook, M. J., et al. (2006). Volumetric analysis of a specific language region – the planum temporale. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 13, 206–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vukusic, S., & Confavreux, C. (2006). Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis: the children of PRIMS. Clinical Neurololgy and Neurosurgery, 108, 266–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walder, D. J., Seidman, L. J., Makris, N., Tsuang, M. T., Kennedy, D. N., & Goldstein, J. M. (2007). Neuroanatomic substrates of sex differences in language dysfunction in schizophrenia: a pilot study. Schizophrenia Research, 90, 295–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weatherby, S. J., Mann, C. L., Davies, M. B., Fryer, A. A., Haq, N., Strange, R. C., et al. (2000). A pilot study of the relationship between gadolinium-enhancing lesions, gender effect and polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, 247, 467–470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, P. E., & Risberg, J. (1994). Cortical activation during visual spatial processing: relation between hemispheric asymmetry of blood flow and performance. Brain and Cognition, 24, 87–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westerhausen, R., Kreuder, F., Dos Santos Sequeira, S., Walter, C., Woerner, W., Arne Wittling, R., et al. (2004). Effects of handedness and gender on macro and microstructure of the corpus callosum and its subregions: a combined high-resolution and diffusion-tensor MRI study. Cognitive Brain Research, 21, 418–426.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winstein, C. J., Grafton, S. T., & Pohl, P. S. (1997). Motor task difficulty and brain activity: investigation of goal-directed reciprocal aiming using positron emission tomography. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 1581–1594.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witelson, S.F. (1989). Hand and sex differences in the isthnws and gene of the human corpus callosum. Brain, 112, 799–835.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witelson, S. F., Glezer, I. I., & Kigar, D. L. (1995). Women have greater density of neurons in posterior temporal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 3418–3428.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witelson, S. F., & Kigar, D. L. (1988a). Anatomical development of the corpus callosum in humans: a review with reference to sex and cognition. In D. L. Molfese & S. J. Segalowitz (Eds.), Brain lateralization in children (pp. 35–57). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witelson, S. F., & Kigar, D. L. (1988b). Aysmmetry in brain function follows asymmetry in anatomical form: gross, microscope, postmortem and imaging studies. In F. Boller & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. 1, pp. 111–142). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witelson, S. F., & Kigar, D. L. (2004). Sylvian fissure morphology and asymmetry in men and women: bilateral differences in relation to handedness in men. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 323, 326–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witelson, S. F., & McCulloch, P. B. (1991). Premortem and postmortem measurement to study structure with function: a human brain collection. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 583–591.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witelson, S. F., & Pallie, W. (1973). Left hemisphere specialization for language in the newborn: neuroanatomical evidence of asymmetry. Brain, 96, 641–646.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, S. J., De Luca, C. R., Anderson, V., & Pantelis, C. (2004). Cognitive development in adolescence: cerebral underpinnings, neural trajectories, and the impact of aberrations. In M. S. Keshavan & J. L. Kennedy (Eds.), Neurodevelopment and Schizophrenia (pp. 69–88). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1975). Schizophrenia: a multinational study. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, I. C., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Woodruff, P. W. R., David, A. S., Murray, R. M., & Bullmore, E. T. (2000). Meta-Analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 16–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yotsutsuji, T., Saitoh, O., Suzuki, M., Hagino, H., Mori, K., Takahashi, T., et al. (2003). Quantification of lateral ventricular subdivisions in schizophrenia by high-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 122, 1–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zametkin, A. J., Liebenauer, L. L., Fitzgerald, G. A., King, A. C., Minkunas, D. V., Herscovitch, P., et al. (1993). Brain metabolism in teenagers with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 333–340.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 321 A, West Fee Hall, 48824, MSU, E. Lansing, MI, USA

    Margaret Semrud-Clikeman

Authors
  1. Margaret Semrud-Clikeman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jodene Goldenring Fine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jesse Bledsoe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Margaret Semrud-Clikeman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of North Colorado, Struthers Loop 445, Colorado Springs, 80921, Colorado, USA

    Elaine Fletcher-Janzen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Semrud-Clikeman, M., Fine, J.G., Bledsoe, J. (2009). Neuroimaging in Women. In: Fletcher-Janzen, E. (eds) The Neuropsychology of Women. Issues of Diversity in Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76908-0_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation