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Sex and Gender Differences in Nephrology

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Sex and Gender Aspects in Clinical Medicine

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects a substantial proportion of the world population, especially among the elderly, and it is increasingly recognized as a global public health problem.1 CKD has been recently divided into five different stages (Table 7.1). The classification is based on the level of glomerular filtration rate, except in stage 1, where GFR is normal but other markers of kidney damage are present, including abnormalities in the composition of blood or urine or abnormalities in imaging tests.2 In the U.S.A., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention3 estimated the prevalence of CKD (overall and by health risk factors and other characteristics), from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 16.8% of the US population aged more than 20 years had CKD, according to 1999–2004 NHANES data, compared with 14.5% from the 1988–1994 NHANES (i.e., NHANES III), an increase of 15.9% based on crude estimates of prevalence.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital and Specialty School of Nephrology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Maurizio Gallieni & Nicoletta Mezzina

  2. Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milan, Italy

    Cristina Pinerolo

  3. Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, AOU “Policlinico – Vittorio Emanuele”, Catania, Italy

    Antonio Granata

Authors
  1. Maurizio Gallieni
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  2. Nicoletta Mezzina
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  3. Cristina Pinerolo
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  4. Antonio Granata
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maurizio Gallieni .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Charite´- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Gender in Medicine (GiM), Berlin, 10115, Germany

    Sabine Oertelt-Prigione

  2. Inst. Geschlechterforschung in der, Medizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, Berlin, 10115, Germany

    Vera Regitz-Zagrosek

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Gallieni, M., Mezzina, N., Pinerolo, C., Granata, A. (2012). Sex and Gender Differences in Nephrology. In: Oertelt-Prigione, S., Regitz-Zagrosek, V. (eds) Sex and Gender Aspects in Clinical Medicine. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-832-4_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-832-4_7

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