Abstract
Discontent with the medieval services was widespread, if not universal. The renewal of scholarship in the Renaissance and the rediscovery of the Bible produced the attitude of mind which went by the name of ‘the New Learning’, a title slightly misleading to modern ears, for which ‘the New Teaching’ would more accurately convey the sense. A contemporary summed up the differences between the Old and the New Learnings at the crucial point of eucharistic doctrine as follows. According to the Old, the Mass is a sacrifice for the living and the dead, and ‘oblation is made in the person of the whole Church’. For the New, the Supper is a memorial only of Christ’s death, ‘and not a sacrifice, but a remembrance of the sacrifice that was once offered upon the cross’; and ‘all oblations except that of our Lord are vain and void’.1 Luther’s first application of this teaching to the Mass was made in his sermons,2 in which he directed his fire against the denial of the chalice to the laity, the doctrine of transubstantiation, and, above all, the whole concept of offering and sacrifice, whether expressed in actions or words, which flatly contradicted the doctrine of justification by faith alone. Most of the offensive passages occurred in the Canon, and this was the main point of attack.
Next comes all that abomination known as the Offertory, to which all the foregoing part of the Mass is compelled to be subservient. From this point onwards practically everything speaks and smells of oblation. In the midst of it all are placed the words of life and salvation, just like the ark of the Lord of old in the idols’ temple, next to Dagon.…
So then, let us repudiate all those things that speak of oblation, together with the whole of the Canon, and keep what is pure and holy; and thus let us order our Mass.
Luther, Formula Missae et Communionis, 1523
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Bibliography
Æ. L. Richter, Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des sechszehnten Jahrhunderts, 2 vols (Leipzig 11846, 21871).
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B. Thompson, Liturgies of the Western Church (New York 1962). ET.
J. D. C. Fisher, Christian Initiation: The Reformation Period (1970: ACC li). ET.
Luther
Richter, i 2–10, 35–40.
Sehling, i 3–24.
ed. H. Lietzmann (Bonn 1909). Liturgische Texte, iv.
ET in Works, ed. U. S. Leopold, liii (Philadelphia 1965).
… Formula Missae and Deutsche Messe in Beckmann, 122–33. ET in Kidd, 193–202; Jasper and Cuming, 122–8; Thompson, 106–37.
… Taufbüchlein (Baptism) in Fisher: first, 6–16; second, 23–5.
… Trau-Ordnung (Marriage) in Documents, 275–7.
Zwingli
De Canone Missae Epicheiresis: ET in Jasper and Cuming, 117–19.
Aktion oder Brauch des Nachtmahls in Beckmann, 142–8.
ed. F. Schmidt-Clausing, Zwinglis Liturgische Formuläre (Frankfurt 1970) 28–39.
Baptism services in Schmidt-Clausing, 14–17, 39–41. ET in Kidd, 423–4; Fisher, 126–31. ET in Thompson, 147–56.
Buger
F. Hubert, Die Strassburger liturgischen Ordnungen (Göttingen 1900). Collation of forms from 1524 to 1561.
… 1525 form; Hubert C2: ET in W. D. Maxwell, An Outline of Christian Worship (Oxford 1936) 91–7.
… 1539 form; Hubert, K: ET in Maxwell, 102–10; Jasper and Cuming, 132–8; Thompson, 167–81.
Grund und Ursach … der Neuerungen an dem Nachtmahl des Herren (1524), in Deutsche Schriften, 1, ed. R. Stupperich (Gütersloh 1960), 185–278: ET of description of service in Documents, 278; Maxwell, 100–1.
Baptism: ET in Fisher, 30–42.
Confirmation: ET in Fisher, 174–8.
Kirchenordnungen Brandenburg-Nürnberg
Richter, 1 176–211.
Sehling, xi 140–205.
… Communion Service in Beckmann, 137–41. ET in Documents, 280–4.
Nuremberg
1524 Mass in A. Oslander, Gesamtausgabe (Gütersloh 1975) 154–64.
Albertine Saxony
Richter, 1 307–15 (1539 only).
Sehling, 1 264–81 (1539, 1540).
… Private Baptism: ET in Fisher, 137–9.
Electoral Brandenburg
Richter, 1 323–34.
Sehling, iii 39–90.
… Confirmation: ET in Fisher, 182–4.
Pfalz-Neuburg
Richter, 1 362–7.
Sehling, xiii 46–99.
… ‘Canon’ prayer: ET in Documents, 285.
Calenberg-Göttingen
Richter, ii 26–30.
Sehling, vi 788–843.
Hesse-Cassel
Richter, 11 26–30.
Sehling, viii 113–44.
M. Bucer, Deutsche Schriften, vii (Gütersloh 1964), 279–318.
Sweden
1531 Mass in E. E. Yelverton, The Mass in Sweden (1920: HBS lvii), 32–47.
… ET in Jasper and Cuming, 129–31.
Calvin
La Forme des Prières in Joannis Calvini Opera Selecta, ed. P. Barth and D. Scheuner (Munich 1952), ii 1–58 (1542 edition).
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… Baptism: ET in Fisher, 113–17.
Cologne
Hermann von Wied, Einfaltigs Bedencken
Richter, ii 30–54.
Modern German translation, ed. H. Gerhards and W. Borth (Düsseldorf 1972).
— Latin version, Simplex ac Pia Deliberatio (Bonn 1545). No modern edition.
— ET of Deliberatio, A Simple and Religious Consultation (11547, 21548).
… Communion service in Documents, 286–304.
… Baptism in Fisher, 55–69; Private Baptism, 140–3; Confirmation, 194–203.
Quinones
Breviarium Romanum a Francisco Cardinali Quignonio editum, ed. J. W. Legg (Cambridge 1888). Text of 1535 edition, without introduction or notes.
The Second Recension of the Quignon Breviary, ed. J. W. Legg. Vol. I (1908: HBS xxxv), text of 1536 edition; vol. ii (1912: HBS xlii), introduction and notes, dealing with both editions.
Books: 18, 19, 35, 37, 48, 81, 92, 113, 115.
Article: 197.
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© 1982 G. J. Cuming
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Cuming, G.J. (1982). Reformation. In: A History of Anglican Liturgy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-05786-3_2
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