Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Plant cell walls: morphology, biosynthesis and growth

  • Chapter
Polysaccharides

Part of the book series: Topics in Molecular and Structural Biology ((TMSB))

Abstract

Plant cells are found to have various shapes (spherical, cylindrical, globular, ellipsoidal and filamentous) and sizes (from <1 μm to several centimetres) and only a fraction of the many thousands of different types has ever been investigated. Moreover, the choice of organism has always been dictated by the requirements of the type of study which is to be undertaken, and has inevitably resulted in bias towards botany, chemistry, biochemistry, physics or cell biology. Though it may not be possible to discover a system which suits every type of investigation, it is perhaps unfortunate that more effort has not been made to correlate results by various types of investigations. Nevertheless, the results of these diverse investigations make it clear that plant cell walls are highly specialised organelles and no two types, even when taxonomically closely related, have been discovered to have exactly the same architectural construction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Albersheim, P. (1975). Scient. Am., 232 (4), 81–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R. L., and Ray, P. M. (1978). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster, 61, 723–730

    Google Scholar 

  • Asamizu, T., Nakano, N., and Nishi, A. (1983). Planta, 158, 166–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspinall, G. O. (ed.) (1976). MTP int. Rev. Sci., Org. Chem. Ser. 2, 7

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspinal, G. O. (1980). In The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 3 (P. K. Stumpf and E. E. Conn, eds), Academic Press, New York, pp. 473–499

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspinall, G. O. (1982). In The Polysaccharides (G. O. Aspinall, ed.), Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkins, E. D. T., and Parker, K. D. (1969). J. Polym. Sci. C, 28, 69–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkins, E. D. T., Preston, R. D., and Parker, K. D. (1969). Proc. R. Soc. B, 173, 209–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkins, E. D. T., Mackie, W., Nieduszynski, I. A., Parker, K. D., and Smolko, E. E. (1973). Biopolymers., 12, 1879–1887

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, D. S., Durr, M., Burke, J., and Maclachlan, G. A. (1979). J. supramolec. Struct., 11, 123–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, D. S., De Luca, V., Dun, M., Verma, D. P. S., and Maclachlan, G. A. (1980). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster, 66, 1113–1118

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, R. W., and Hassid, W. Z. (1966). Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 56, 1586–1593

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, W. D., Talmadge, K. W., Keegstra, K., and Albersheim, P. (1973). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster, 51, 174–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Beltran, J. P., and Carbonell, J. (1978). Phytochemistry., 17, 1531–1532

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Arie, R., Ordin, L., and Kindinger, J. I. (1973). Pl. Cell Physiol., 14, 427–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Benziman, M., Haigler, C. H., Brown, R. M., White, A. R., and Cooper, K. M. (1980). Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 77, 6678–6682

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolwell, G. P., and Northcote, D. H. (1981). Planta, 152, 225–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourret, A., Chanzy, H., and Lazaro, R. (1972). Biopolymers, 11, 893–898

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowles, D. J., Lehle, L., and Kauss, H. (1977). Planta, 134, 177–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowles, D. J., Quail, P. H., Morre, D. J., and Hartmann, G. C. (1979). Methodol. Surveys Biochem., 9, 207–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett, C. T., and Northcote, D. H. (1975). Biochem. J., 148, 107–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. G., and Kimmins, W. C. (1979). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster, 63, 557–561

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. M. (1982). In Cellulose and Other Natural Polymer Systems (R. M. Brown, ed.), Plenum Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. M., and Montezinos, D. (1976). Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 73, 143–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, J., and Linstead, P. J. (1977). Planta, 133, 267–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, J., and Linstead, P. J. (1979). Planta, 146, 203–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, J., Linstead, P. J., and Bonsall, V. E. (1978). Planta, 139, 85–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpita, N. C., and Delmer, D. P. (1981). J. biol. Chem., 256, 308–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Chanzy, H., Dube, M., Marchessault, R. H., and Revol, J. F. (1979). Biopolymers, 18, 881–898

    Google Scholar 

  • Chanzy, H., Grosrenaud, A., Joseleau, J. P., Dube, M., and Marchessault, R. H. (1982). Biopolymers, 21, 301–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Chanzy, H., Grosrenaud, A., Mackie, W., and Vuong, R. (1984). Planta, 161, 320–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, H. Y., and Maclachlan, G. A. (1978). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster., 61, 943–948

    Google Scholar 

  • Claffey, W., and Blackwell, J. (1976). Biopolymers., 15, 1903–1915

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A. E., Anderson, R. L., and Stone, B. A. (1979). Phytochemistry., 18, 521–540

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleland, R. E. (1971). A. Rev. Pl. Physiol., 22, 197–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleland, R. E. (1975). Planta, 127, 233–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleland, R. E. (1980). In Plant Growth Substances (F. Skoog, ed.), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 71–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleland, R. E. (1983). J. exp. Bot., 34, 676–680

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, C. M. W., and Stoddart, R. W. (1973). In Surface Carbohydrates of the Eukaryotic Cell, Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalessandro, G., and Northcote, D. H. (1981). Planta, 151, 53–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Darvill, A. G., McNeil, M., Albersheim, P., and Delmer, C. (1980a). In The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 1 (P. K. Stumpf and E. E. Conn, eds), Academic Press, New York, pp. 91–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Darvill, J. E., McNeil, M., Darvill, A. G., and Albersheim, P. (1980b). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster., 66, 1135–1139

    Google Scholar 

  • Davey, M. R., and Mathias, R. J. (1979). Protoplasma, 100, 85–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Delmer, D. P. (1977). Rec. Adv. Phytochem., 11, 45–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Delmer, D. P., Beasley, C. A., and Ordin, L. (1974). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster., 53, 149–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Dentler, W. L., Pratt, M. M., and Stephens, R. E. (1980). J. Cell Biol., 84, 381–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorrington, K. L. (1980). Symp. Soc. exp. Biol., 34, 289–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Durr, M., Bailey, D. S., and Maclachlan, G. A. (1979). Eur. J. Biochem., 97, 445–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Elbein, A. D. (1969). J. biol. Chem., 244, 1608–1616

    Google Scholar 

  • Elbein, A. D. (1979). A. Rev. Pl. Physiol., 30, 239–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Elbein, A. D., and Hassid, W. Z. (1966). Biochim. Biophys. Res. Commun., 23, 311–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Ericson, M. C., and Elbein, A. D. (1980). In The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 3 (P. K. Stumpf and E. E. Conn, eds), Academic Press, New York, pp. 589–615

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz, G. (1976). Appl. Polym. Symp., 28, 611–621

    Google Scholar 

  • Fèvre, M., and Rougier, M. (1981). Planta, 151, 232–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Frei, E., and Preston, R. D. (1961). Proc. R. Soc. B., 154, 70–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Frei, E., and Preston, R. D. (1964). Proc. R. Soc. B, 160, 293–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Frei, E., and Preston, R. D. (1968). Proc. R. Soc. B., 169, 127–145

    Google Scholar 

  • French A D. (1978) Carbohydr Res., 61, 67–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey-Wyssling, A., and Mühlethaler, K. (1963). Makromolek. Chem., 62, 25–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Galatis, B. (1980). J. Cell Sci., 45, 211–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, K. H., and Blackwell, J. (1971). J. Polym. Sci. C., 36, 327–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, K. H., and Blackwell, J. (1974). Biopolymers., 13, 1975–2001

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddings, T. H., Brower, D. L., and Staehelin, L. A. (1980). J. Cell Biol., 84, 327–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, R., and Prat, R. (1982). Pl. Cell Physiol., 23, 1145–1154

    Google Scholar 

  • Goto, T., Harada, H., and Saiki, H. (1973). Mokuzai Gakkaishi., 19, 463–468

    Google Scholar 

  • Goto, T., Harada, H., and Saiki, H. (1978). Wood Sci. Techn., 12, 223–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S. E. B., Rees, D. A., Richardson, N. G., and Steele, I. W. (1965). Nature, Lond., 208, 876–878

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, P. B. (1962). Science., 138, 1404–1405

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, P. B. (1969). A. Rev. Pl. Physiol., 20, 365–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, P. B., and Chapman, G. B. (1955). Am. J. Bot., 42, 685–693

    Google Scholar 

  • Hara, M., Umetsu, N., Miyamoto, C., and Tamari, K. (1973). Pl. Cell Physiol., 14, 11–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Harada, H., and Goto, T. (1982). In Cellulose and Other Natural Polymer Systems (R. M. Brown, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 303–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Haug, A., and Larsen, B. (1971). Carbohydr. Res., 17, 297–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Haug, A., and Smidsrød, O. (1965). Acta chim. Scand., 19, 341–351

    Google Scholar 

  • Haug, A., and Smidsrød, O. (1967). Nature, Lond., 215, 757

    Google Scholar 

  • Haughton, P. M., and Sellen, D. B. (1969). J. exp. Bot., 20, 516–535

    Google Scholar 

  • Haughton, P. M., and Sellen, D. B. (1973). J. Phys. D., 6, 1998–2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Haughton, P. M., Sellen, D. B., and Preston, R. D. (1968). J. exp. Bot., 19, 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, T., and Matsuda, K. (1981). Pl. Cell Physiol., 22, 517–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, T., Kato, Y., and Matsuda, K. (1981). J. Biochem., 89, 325–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, I. B. (1974). J. theor. Biol., 48, 445–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, I. B., and Seagull, R. W. (1982). In The Cytoskeleton in Plant Growth and Development (C. W. Lloyd, ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 163–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Heiniger, U., and Delmer, D. (1977). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster., 59, 719–723

    Google Scholar 

  • Helsper, J. P. F. G. (1979). Planta, 144, 443–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepler, P. K., and Palevitz, B. A. (1974). A. Rev. Pl. Physiol., 25, 309–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermans, P. H. (1949). In Physics and Chemistry of Cellulose Fibres, Elsevier, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Herth, W. (1980). J. Cell Biol., 87, 442–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Herth, W., Kappel, A., and Franke, W. W. (1975). J. Ultrastruct. Res., 50, 289–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Herth, W., Schnepf, E., and Surek, B. (1982). Protoplasma, 110, 196–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Heyn, A. N. J. (1966). J. Cell Biol., 29, 181–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Heyn, A. N. J. (1969). J. Ultrastruct. Res., 26, 52–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, C., Mackie, W., and Sellen, D. B. (1976). Polymer., 17, 1027–1034

    Google Scholar 

  • Honjo, G., and Watanabe, M. (1958). Nature, Lond., 181, 326–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopp, H. E., Romero, P. A., Daleo, G. R., and Pont-Lezica, R. (1978). Eur. J. Biochem., 84, 561–571

    Google Scholar 

  • Huizing, H. J., Rietma, H., and Sietsma, J. H. (1979). Br. phycol. J., 14, 25–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Iriki, Y., and Miwa, T. (1960). Nature, Lond., 185, 178–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Iriki, Y., Suzuki, T., Nisizawa, K., and Miwa, T. (1960). Nature, Lond., 187, 82–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Itoh, T. (1975). Pl. Cell Physiol., 17, 367–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. D., and Chrispeels, M. J. (1973). Planta, 111, 353–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. W. (1960). J. Polym. Sci., 42, 173–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. W. (1968). Biopolymers., 6, 771–773

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauss, H. (1969). Phytochemistry., 8, 985–988

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauss, H., and Hassid, W. Z. (1967). J. biol. Chem., 242, 3449–3453

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauss, H., Swanson, A. L., Arnold, R., and Odzuck, W. (1969). Biochim. biophys. Acta, 192, 55–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Keegstra, K., Talmadge, K. W., Bauer, W. D., and Albersheim, P. (1973). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster., 51, 188–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, A. S., Montezinos, D., and Delmer, D. P. (1981). Planta., 152, 105–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Kooirnan, P. (1967). Phytochemistry., 6, 1665–1673

    Google Scholar 

  • Labavitch, J. M., and Ray, P. M. (1974a). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster, 53, 669–673

    Google Scholar 

  • Labavitch, J. M., and Ray, P. M. (1974b). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster, 54, 499–502

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamport, D. T. A. (1980). In The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 3 (P. K. Stumpf and E. E. Conn, eds), Academic Press, New York, pp. 501–536

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, J. M., Eisinger, W. R., and Green, P. B. (1981). Protoplasma, 110, 5–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, C. J., and Rees, D. A. (1970). Nature, Lond., 227, 392–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang, C. J., and Marchessault, R. H. (1959). J. Polym. Sci., 37, 385–395

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, T. Y., Elbein, A. D., and Su, J. C. (1966). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 22, 650–657

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, C. W. (1982). In The Cytoskeleton in Plant Growth and Development, Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, C. W., Slabas, A. R., Powell, A. J., MacDonald, G., and Bradley, R. A. (1979). Nature, Lond., 279, 239–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, C. W., Slabas, A. R., Powell, A. J., and Lowe, S. B. (1980). Planta, 147, 500–506

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackie, I. M., and Percival, E. E. (1959). J. chem. Soc., 1151–1156

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackie, W., and Preston, R. D. (1968). Planta., 79, 249–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackie, W., and Sellen, D. B. (1969). Polymer, 10, 621–632

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackie, W., and Sellen, D. B. (1971). Biopolymers, 10, 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Maclachlan, G. A. (1982). In Cellulose and Other Natural Polymer Systems (R. M. Brown, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 327–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Maclachlan, G., and Fèvre, M. (1982). In The Cytoskeleton in Plant Growth and Development (C. W. Lloyd, ed.), Academic Press, London, pp. 127–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, J., and Marrinan, H. J. (1958). J. Polym. Sci., 27, 595–596

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchant, H. J. (1979). Nature, Lond., 278, 167–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchant, H. J. (1982). In The Cytoskeleton in Plant Growth and Development (C. W. Lloyd, ed.), Academic Press, London, pp. 295–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchant, H. J., and Fowke, L. C. (1977). Can. J. Bot., 55, 3080–3086

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchant, H. J., and Hines, E. R. (1979). Planta., 146, 41–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Métraux, J.-P. (1982). Planta., 155, 459–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Métraux, J.-P., and Taiz, L. (1978). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster., 61, 135–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Métraux, J: P., Richmond, P. A., and Taiz, L. (1980). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster., 65, 204–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, K. H., and Misch, L. (1937). Helv. chim. Acta., 20, 232–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Montezinos, D., and Brown, R. M. (1976). J. supramolec. Struct., 5, 277–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, S. C. (1982). In Cellulose and Other Natural Polymer Systems (R. M. Brown, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 87–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, S. C., and Brown, R. M. (1980). J. Cell Biol., 84, 315–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, S. C., and Brown, R. M. (1982). Planta., 154, 489–515

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, S. C., Brown, R. M., and Scott, T. K. (1976). Science., 194, 949–951

    Google Scholar 

  • Nevins, D. J., English, P. D., and Albersheim, P. (1968). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster., 43, 914–922

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieduszynski, I. A., and Atkins, E. D. T. (1970). Biochim. biophys. Acta., 222, 109–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieduszynski, I. A., and Marchessault, R. H. (1972). Can. J. Chem., 50, 2130–2138

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieduszynski, I. A., and Preston, R. D. (1970). Nature, Lond., 225, 273–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishitani, K., and Masuda, Y. (1969). Pl. Cell Physiol., 20, 63–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Northcote, D. H. (1972). A. Rev. Pl. Physiol., 23, 113–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Odzuck, W., and Kauss, H. (1972). Phytochemistry., 11, 2489–2494

    Google Scholar 

  • Palevitz, B. A. (1980). Can. J. Bot., 58, 773–785

    Google Scholar 

  • Palevitz, B. A., and Hepler, P. K. (1976). Planta., 132, 71–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan, Y. T., and Kindel, P. K. (1977). Archs Biochem. Biophys., 183, 131–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Panayotatos, N., and Villemez, C. L. (1973). Biochem. J., 133, 263–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Pont-Lezica, R., Romero, P. A., and Dankert, M. A. (1976). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster., 58, 675–680

    Google Scholar 

  • Pont-Lezica, R., Romero, P. A., and Hopp, H. E. (1978). Planta., 140, 177–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, R. D. (1974). In The Physical Biology of Plant Cell Walls, Chapman and Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, R. D. (1979). A. Rev. Pl. Physiol., 30, 55–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, R. D. (1982). Planta., 155, 356–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Probine, M. C. (1963). J. exp. Bot., 14, 101–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Probine, M. C., and Preston, R. D. (1961). J. exp. Bot., 12, 261–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Probine, M. C., and Preston, R. D. (1962). J. exp. Bot., 13, 111–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Quail, P. H. (1979). A. Rev. Pl. Physiol., 30, 425–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Quatrano, R. S. (1978). A. Rev. Pl. Physiol., 29, 487–510

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, V. S. R., Sundararajan, P. R., Ramakrishnan, C., and Ramachandran, G. N. (1967). In Conformation of Biopolymers (G. N. Ramachandran, ed.) Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, P. M. (1980). Biochim. biophys. Acta., 629, 431–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Rayle, D. L., and Cleland, R. E. (1977). Curr. Top. devl Biol., 11, 187–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Rayle, D. L., and Cleland, R. E. (1980). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster., 66, 433–437

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, D. A., and Skerrett, R. J. (1968). Carbohydr. Res., 7, 334–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Revol, J.-F. (1982). Carbohydr. Polym., 2, 123–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Richmond, P. A., Métraux, J. P., and Taiz, L. (1980). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster., 65, 211–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, E., Seagull, R. W., Haigler, C. H., and Brown, R. M. (1982). Protoplasma., 113, 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, D. G. (1977). Adv. bot. Res., 5, 89–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, D. G., and Glas, R. (1983). J. exp. Bot., 34, 668–675

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, D. G., and Preston, R. D. (1972). Planta, 104, 234–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, D. G., and White, R. K. (1972). Br. phycol. J., 7, 109–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, D. G., Grimm, I., and Sachs, H. (1976). Protoplasma, 89, 375–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Roelofsen, P. A. (1951). Biochim. biophys. Acta., 7, 43–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Roland, J.-C., and Vian, B. (1979). Int. Rev. Cytol., 61, 129–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Roland, J.-C., Vian, B., and Reis, D. (1975). J. Cell Sci., 19, 239–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Roland, J.-C., Vian, B., and Reis, D. (1977). Protoplasma, 91, 125–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollitt, J., and Maclachlan, G. A. (1974). Phytochemistry, 13, 367–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Salton, M. R. J. (1964). In The Bacterial Cell Wall, American Elsevier, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • San-Blas, G. (1979). Exp. Mycol., 3, 249–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarko, A. (1978). T.A.P.P.I., 61, 59–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarko, A., and Müggli, R. (1974). Macromolecules., 7, 486–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Sathyanarayana, B. K., and Rao, V. S. R. (1970). Carbohydr. Res., 15, 137–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnepf, E., and Deichgräber, G. (1979). Z. PflPhysiol., 94, 283–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnepf, E., Deichgräber, G., and Herth, W. (1982). Protoplasma, 110, 203–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Seagull, R. W., and Heath, I. B. (1980). Protoplasma, 103, 205–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellen, D. B. (1980). Symp. Soc. exp. Biol., 34, 315–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellen, D. B. (1983). J. exp. Bot., 34, 681–687

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharon, N. (1969). Scient. Am., 225 (5), 92–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Smidsrød, O., and Haug, A. (1968). Acta chim. Scand., 22, 1989–1997

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. M., Axelos, M., and Peaud Lenoel, C. (1976). Biochimie, 58, 1195–1211

    Google Scholar 

  • Southworth, D., and Dickinson, D. B. (1975). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster, 56, 83–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoddart, R. W., and Northcote, D. H. (1967). Biochem. J., 105, 45–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundaralingham, M. (1968). Biopolymers, 6, 189–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, C. M., and Hassid, W. Z. (1971). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster, 47, 740–744

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, C. M., and Hassid, W. Z. (1973). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster, 51, 998–1001

    Google Scholar 

  • Valent, B. S., and Albersheim, P. (1974). Pl. Physiol., Lancaster, 54, 105–108

    Google Scholar 

  • van Holst, C. J., Klis, F. M., Bouman, F., and Stegwes, D. (1980). Planta, 149, 209–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Vilemez, C. L. (1971). Biochem. J., 121, 151–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Villemez, C. L., and Heller, J. S. (1970). Nature, Lond., 227, 80–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Villemez, C. L., Swanson, A. L., and Hassid, W. Z. (1966). Archs Biochem. Biophys., 116, 446–452

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M. C., and Bartnicki-Garcia, S. (1976). Archs Biochem. Biophys., 175, 351–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkie, K. C. B. (1979). Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 36, 215–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, R. E. (1980). Can. J. Bot., 58, 766–772

    Google Scholar 

  • Willison, J. H. M. (1982). In Cellulose and Other Natural Polymer Systems (R. M. Brown, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 105–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Willison, J. H. M., and Brown, R. M. (1977). Protoplasma, 92, 21–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Willison, J. H. M., and Brown, R. M. (1978a). Planta, 141, 51–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Willison, J. H. M., and Brown, R. M. (1978b). J. Cell Biol., 77, 103–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Willison, J. H. M., and Cocking, E. C. (1972). Protoplasma, 75, 397–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Willison, J. H. M., and Cocking, E. C. (1975). Protoplasma, 84, 147–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Willison, J. H. M., and Grout, B. W. W. (1978). Planta, 140, 53–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Willison, J. H. M., and Klein, A. S. (1982). In Cellulose and Other Natural Polymer Systems (R. M. Brown, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 61–85

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. W. Mackie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, UK

    E. D. T. Atkins (Professor of Physics and Science and Engineering Research Council Senior Fellow) (Professor of Physics and Science and Engineering Research Council Senior Fellow)

Copyright information

© 1985 The contributors

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mackie, W. (1985). Plant cell walls: morphology, biosynthesis and growth. In: Atkins, E.D.T. (eds) Polysaccharides. Topics in Molecular and Structural Biology. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06369-7_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation