Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Galanin in the Central Nervous System: A Review

  • Chapter
Current Aspects of the Neurosciences

Abstract

In 1983 a 29 amino acid peptide was isolated and sequenced from the small intestine of pigs and has been named galanin (GAL: Tatemoto et al., 1983). Synthesis of this peptide was reported shortly thereafter (Yajima et al., 1985, 1986). A cDNA library and nucleotide sequence of different clones encoding the preproGAL-precursor has been demonstrated for porcine medullary GAL (Rokaeus and Brownstein, 1986). Recently cDNA libraries of GAL have been published of rat hypothalamic tissue (Kaplan et al., 1988) and oestrogen induced prolactin secreting pituitary tumours (Vrontakis et al., 1987).

This work is dedicated to the memory of Dr Ulrich Weiss (1908–1989).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  • Ahren, B., Arkhammar, P., Berggren, P. O. and Nilsson, T. (1986). Galanin inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release by a mechanism involving hyperpolarization and lowering of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 140, 1059–1063

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahren, B., Rorsman, P. and Berggren, P. O. (1988). Galanin and the endocrine pancreas. FEBS Lett., 229, 233–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Amara, S. G., Jonas, V., Rosenfeld, M. G., Ong, E. S. and Evans, R. M. (1982). Alternative RNA processing in calcitonin gene expression generates mRNAs encoding different polypeptide products. Nature, 298, 240–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Amiranoff, B., Servin, A. L., Rouyerfessard, C, Couvineau, A., Tatemoto, K. and Laburthe, M. (1987). Galanin receptors in a hamster pancreatic beta-cell tumor—identification and molecular characterization. Endocrinology, 121, 284–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, D. M., Ross, C. A., Pickel, V. M., Joh, T. H. and Reis, D. J. (1982). Distribution of dopamine-, noradrenaline-, adrenaline-containing cell bodies in the rat medulla oblongata: Demonstrated by the immunocytochemical localization of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes. J. Comp. Neurol, 212, 173–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, P. J. (1987). Regulatory peptides in the respiratory system. Experientia, 15, 832–839

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Adrian, T. E., Christofides, N. D., Ferri, G. L., Yanaihara, N., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1986a). Distribution and molecular heterogenity of galanin in human, pig, guinea-pig, and rat gastrointestinal tracts. Gastroenterology, 91, 877–883

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Adrian, T. E., Hacker, G. W., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1985a) Localization and molecular forms of galanin in the phaeochromocytomas and human adrenals. Clin. Sci., 69, 72

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Adrian, T. E., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1985b). Evidence of high molecular weight galanin immunoreactivity in the pig and cat adrenal. J. Endocrinol., 107, 40

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Adrian, T. E., Yanaihara, N., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1986b). Chromatographic evidence for high molecular mass galanin immunoreactivity in pig and cat adrenal glands. FEBS Lett., 201, 327–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Bishop, A. E., Ferri, G. L., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1985c). Galanin—a novel biologically active gut peptide—distribution and molecular heterogenity in human and pig intestine. Z. Gastroenterol., 23, 407

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Christofides, N. D., Bishop, A. E., Ferri, G. L., Yanaihara, N., Tatemoto, K., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1985d). Distribution and molecular forms of galanin in the human intestine. Gut, 26, 548

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Christofides, N. D., Bishop, A. E., Yanaihara, N., Tatemoto, K., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1985e). Distribution and molecular heterogenity of galanin in human, pig, guinea-pig and rat gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology, 88,1318

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Christofides, N. D., Gu, J., Hacker, G., Tatemoto, K., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1984). Distribution of galanin immunoreactivity in the urogenital tract of man and rat. Regulat. Pept., 9, 325

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Christofides, N. D., Gu, J., Hacker, G., Tatemoto, K., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1985f). The human and rat genitourinary tract contain galanin-immunoreactivity. Clin. Sci., 68, 16

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Christofides, N. D., Hacker, G. W., Blank, M. A., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1986c). Distribution of galanin immunoreactivity in the genitourinary tract of man and rat. Peptides, 7, 5–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Ginsberg, L., Venetikou, M., Adrian, T. E. and Bloom, S. R. (1986d). Pharmacokinetics of galanin in man and its effect on glucose-homeostasis. Gut, 27, 606

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Hacker, G. W., Adrian, T. E., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1985g). Galanin in gut peptide secreting tumors and its diagnostic value in phaeochromocytomas. Gut, 26,1112

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Hacker, G. W., Adrian, T. E., Terenghi, G., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1985h). Localization and characterization of galanin immunoreactivity in the human, pig and cat adrenal—molecular heterogenity due to N-terminal and C-terminal extension of the galanin molecule. Regulat. Pept., 13, 91

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Hacker, G. W., Terenghi, G., Adrian, T. E., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1986e). Localization and molecular forms of galanin in human adrenals: elevated levels in phaeochromocytomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 63, 1372–1378

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Venetikou, M., Burrin, J. M., Ginsberg, L., Mackay, D. J. and Bloom, S. R. (1986f). Growth hormone release in man induced by galanin, a new hypothalamic peptide. Lancet, 2, 192–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Venetikou, M., Ginsberg, L., Burrin, J. and Bloom, S. R. (1986g). Galanin infusion in man—metabolic, pancreatic and pituitary actions of a novel gastrointestinal peptide. Z. Gastroenterol., 24, 486

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Venetikou, M., Mackay, D., Ginsberg, L., Burrin, J. and Bloom, S. R. (1986h). Galanin—a novel modulator of pituitary and pancreatic hormone secretion in man. Regulat. Pept., 15, 166

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, F. E., Ginsberg, L., Venetikou, M., Adrian, T. E. and Bloom, S. R. (1986i). Galanin infusion in man—pharmacokinetics and its effect on glucose-metabolism. Gastroenterology, 90,1340

    Google Scholar 

  • Bek, T., Ottesen, B. and Fahrenkrug, J. (1988). The effect of galanin, CGRP and ANP on spontaneous smooth muscle activity of rat uterus. Peptides, 9, 497–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, A. E., Christofides, N. D., Bauer, E., Tatemoto, K., Bloom, S. R. and Polak, J. M. (1984a). Galanin—a newly recognized peptide in the enteric nervous system. Regulat. Pept., 9, 325

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, A. E., Christofides, N. D., Ch’ng, J., Bloom, S. R. and Polak, J. M. (1984b). Occurrence and distribution of a novel regulatory peptide, galanin, in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Gut, 25, 1160–1161

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, A. E., Polak, J. M., Bauer, F. E., Christofides, N. D., Carlei, F. and Bloom, S. R. (1986). Occurrence and distribution of a newly discovered peptide, galanin, in the mammalian enteric nervous system. Gut, 27, 849–857

    Google Scholar 

  • Brazeau, P., Vale, W., Burgus, R., Ling, N., Butcher, L. L., Rivier, J. and Guillemin, R. (1973). Hypothalamic polypeptide growth hormone. Science, N.Y., 179, 77–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, J. T., Brodin, L., Hokfelt, T., Van Dongen, P. A. and Grillner, S. (1987). Survey of neuropeptide-like immunoreactivity in the lamprey spinal cord. Brain Res., 408, 299–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Cella, S. G., Locatelli, V., De Gennaro, V., Bondiolotti, G. P., Pintor, C, Loche, S., Provezza, M. and Miiller, E. E. (1988). Epinephrine mediates the growth hormone-releasing effect of galanin in infant rats. Endocrinology, 122, 855–859

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee, V. K., Ball, J. A., Proby, C, Burrin, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1988). Galanin abolishes the inhibitory effect of cholinergic blockade on growth hormone-releasing hormone-induced secretion of growth hormone in man. J. Endocrinol., 116, Rl-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, A., Bauer, F. E., Christofides, N., Bloom, S. R. and Polak, J. M. (1984). Immunocy-tochemical localization of galanin in the porcine respiratory tract. Regulat. Pept., 9, 327

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, A., Bauer, E., Christofides, N., Bloom, S. R. and Polak, J. M. (1985a). Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the respiratory tract of pig. J. Pathol, 145, 113

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, A., Polak, J. M., Bauer, F. E., Cadieux, A., Christofides, N. D., Springall, D. R. and Bloom, S. R. (1985b). Distribution of galanin immunoreactivity in the respiratory tract of pig, guinea-pig, rat, and dog. Thorax, 40, 889–896

    Google Scholar 

  • Ch’ng, J. L. C, Christofides, N. D., Anand, P., Gibson, J., Allen, Y. S., Su, H. C. and Tatemoto, K. (1985). Distribution of galanin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and the responses of galanin-containing neuronal pathways to injury. Neuroscience, 16, 343–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Ch’ng, J. L. C, Christofides, N. D., Suzuki, H., Yiangou, Y., Stephanou, A., Tatemoto, K., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1984). Central nervous distribution of galanin. Digest. Dis. Sci., 29, 17S

    Google Scholar 

  • Coons, A. H. (1958). Fluorescence antibody methods. In General Cytochemical Methods (ed. J. F. Danielli). Academic Press, New York, pp. 399–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlstrom, A. and Fuxe, K. (1964). Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. I. Demonstration of monomines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons. Acta Physiol. Scand., 62 (Suppl.), 1–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, T. M., Burrin, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1987). Growth hormone (GH) release in response to GH-releasing hormone in man is 3-fold enhanced by galanin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 65,1248–1252

    Google Scholar 

  • De Weille, J., Schmid-Antomarchi, H., Fosset, M. and Lazdunski, M. (1988). ATP-sensitive K+ channels that are blocked by hypoglycaemia-inducing sulfonylureas in insulin-secreting cells are activated by galanin, a hyperglycaemia-inducing hormone. Proc. NatlAcad. Sci. USA, 85, 1312–1316

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunning, B. E., Ahren, B., Veith, R. C, Böttcher, G., Sundler, F. andTaborsky, G. J. (1986a). Galanin—a novel pancreatic neuropeptide. Am. J. Physiol, 251, E127–E133

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunning, B. E., Ahren, B., Veith, R. C, Böttcher, G., Sundler, F. and Taborsky, G. J. (1986b). Galanin—a pancreatic neuropeptide. Clin. Res., 34, 57

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunning, B. E., Ahren, B., Veith, R. C, Böttcher, G., Sundler, F. and Taborsky, G. J. (1986c). Galanin–a novel pancreatic neuropeptide. Diabetes, 35, 46

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekblad, E., Hakanson, R., Sundler, F. and Wahlestedt, C. (1985a). Galanin: neuromodulatory and direct contractile effects on smooth muscle preparations. Br. J. Pharmacol., 86, 241–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekblad, E., Rokaeus, A., Hakanson, R. and Sundler, F. (1985b). Galanin nerve fibers in the rat gut: Distribution, origin and projections. Neuroscience, 16, 355–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Everitt, B. J., Meister, B., Hokfelt, T., Melander, T., Terenius, L., Rökaeus, A., Theodorsson-Norheim, E., Dockray, G., Edwardson, J., Cuello, C, Elde, R., Goldstein, M., Hemmings, H., Ouimet, C, Walaas, I., Greengard, P., Vale, W., Weber, E., Wu, J. Y. and Chang, K. J. (1986). The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-median eminence complex: immunohistochemistry of transmitters, peptides and DARPP-32 with special reference to coexistence in dopamine neurons. Brain Res., 396, 97–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisone, G., Wu, C. F., Consolo, S., Nordström, Ö., Brynne, N., Bartfai, T., Melander, T. and Hokfelt, T. (1987). Galanin inhibits acetylcholine release in the ventral hippocampus of the rat: Histochemical, autoradiographic, in vivo, and in vitro studies. Proc. NatlAcad. Sci. USA, 88, 7339–7343

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. E. T. and McDonald, T. J. (1985). Galanin, a peptide with potent smooth muscle inhibitory actions in the canine small intestine. Digest. Dis. Sci., 30, 769

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. E. T., McDonald, T. J., Kostolanska, F. and Tatemoto, K. (1986). Galanin: an inhibitory neural peptide of the canine small intestine. Life Sci., 39, 103–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Furness, J. B., Costa, M., Rokaeus, A., McDonald, T. J. and Brooks, B. (1987). Galaninimmunoreactive neurons in the guinea-pig small intestine: their projections and relationships to other enteric neurons. Cell Tiss. Res., 250, 607–615

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuxe, K., Agnati, L. F., Andersson, K., Eneroth, P., Härfstrand, A., Goldstein, M., Bernardi, B., Vale, W., Yu, Z. Y. and Gustafsson, J. A. (1985). The external layer of the median eminence and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus represent two important levels of integration in the neuroendocrine regulation. Studies on peptide-catecholamine interactions give evidence to the existence of ‘medianosomes’. In Dopamine and Neuroendocrine Active Substance (ed. E. del Pozo and E. Fliückinger). Academic Press, London, pp. 11–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghatei, M. A., Springall, D. R., Richards, I. M., Oostveen, J. A., Griffin, R. L., Cadieux, A., Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1987). Thorax, 42, 431–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S. J., McCrossan, M. V. and Polak, J. M. (1985). A subset of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive cells contain substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM) or galanin (GAL) immunoreactivity in pig dorsal root ganglia. Regulat. Pept., 13, 68

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonda, M., Daniel, E. E., Fox, J. E. T., McDonald, T. J. and Oki, M. (1986). Galanin, locus and mechanism of action of a new peptide in canine gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology, 90, 1432

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodfriend, T. L., Levin, L. and Fasman, G. D. (1969). Antibodies to bradykinin and angiotensin: the use of carbodiimide in immunology. Science, N.Y., 144, 1344–1346

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, T. S. and Magnuson, D. J. (1987). Galanin-like immunoreactivity within amygdaloid and hypothalamic neurons that project to the midbrain central gray in rat. Neurosci. Lett., 83, 264–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, G. R., McDonald, T. J. and Dupre, J. (1986). Galanin—non-vagal, non-cholinergic inhibition of canine insulin-secretion. Gastroenterology, 90,1437

    Google Scholar 

  • Grunditz, T., Hakanson, R., Sundler, F. and Uddman, R. (1987). Neurokinin A and galanin in the thyroid gland: neuronal localization. Endocrinology, 121, 575–585

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacker, G. W., Bishop, A. E., Terenghi, G., Varndell, I. M., Aghahowa, J., Pollard, K., Thurner, J. and Polak, J. M. (1988). Multiple peptide production and presence of general neuroendocrine markers detected in 12 cases of human phaeochromocytoma and in mammalian adrenal glands. Virchows Arch. (A), 412, 399–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamada, Y., Bishop, A. E., Federici, G., Rivosecchi, M., Talbot, I. C. and Polak, J. M. (1987). Increased neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive innervation of aganglionic bowel in Hirschsprung’s disease. Virchows Arch. (A), 411, 369–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamill, G. S., Skofitsch, G. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1986). Immunocytochemical localization of atrial natriuretic factor, galanin and calcitonin gene-related peptide within the rat interpe-duncular nucleus. Brain Res. Bull., 17, 83–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, L. W. (1986). Galanin—profile of a new neuropeptide. TINS, 7, 214–215 Herkenham, M. (1987). Mismatches between neurotransmitter and receptor localizations in brain: observations and implications. Neuroscience, 23,1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Johansson, O. and Goldstein, M. (1984a). Central catecholamine neurons as revealed by immunohistochemistry with special reference to adrenaline neurons. In Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Vol. 2, Classical Transmitters in the CNS, Part 1 (ed. A. Björklund and T. Hokfelt). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 157–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Martensson, R., Björklund, A., Kleinau, S. and Goldstein, M. (1984b). Distribution maps of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain. In Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Vol. 2, Classical Transmitters in the CNS, Part 1 (ed. A. Björklund and T. Hökfelt). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 277–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., Villar, M. and Melander, T. (1987). Increase of galanin-like immunoreactivity in rat dorsal root ganglion cells after peripheral axotomy. Neurosci. Lett., 83, 217–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobowitz, D. M. (1978). Monoaminergic pathways in the central nervous system. In Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress (ed. M. A. Lipton, A. DiMascio and K. F. Killam). Raven Press, New York, pp. 119–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobowitz, D. M. and O’Donohue, T. L. (1978). a-MSH: Immunohistochemical identification and mapping in neurons of the rat brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 6300–6304

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobowitz, D. M., O’Donohue, T. L., Chey, W. Y. and Chang, T. M. (1981). Mapping of motilin-immunoreactive neurons of the rat brain. Peptides, 2, 479–487

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobowitz, D. M. and Palkovits, M. (1973). Topographic atlas of catecholamine and acetylcho-linesterase-containing neurons in the rat brain. I. Forebrain (telencephalon, diencephalon). J. Comp. Neurol., 157, 13–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobowitz, D. M. and Skofitsch, G. (1986). Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the central nervous system: Neuronal and receptor localization, biochemical characterization and functional studies. In Neural and Endocrine Peptides and Receptors (ed. T. W. Moody). Plenum Publishing Co., New York, pp. 247–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jancso, G. and Kiraly, E. (1980). Distribution of chemosensitive primary sensory afferents in the central nervous system of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol, 190, 781–792

    Google Scholar 

  • Jancso, G., Kiraly, E. and Jancso-Gabor, A. (1977). Pharmacologically induced selective degeneration of chemosensitive primary sensory neurons. Nature, 270, 741–743

    Google Scholar 

  • Ju, G., Hokfelt, T., Brodin, E., Fahrenkrug, J., Fischer, J. A., Frey, P., Elde, R. P. and Brown, J. C. (1987a). Primary sensory neurons of the rat showing calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive, somatostatin-immunoreactive, galanin-immunoreactive, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive ganglion cells. Cell Tiss. Res., 247,417–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Ju, G., Melander, T., Ceccatelli, S., Hökfelt, T. and Frey, P. (1987b). Immunohistochemical evidence for a spinothalamic pathway co-containing cholecystokinin- and galanin-like im-munoreactivities in the rat. Neuroscience, 20, 439–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaczmarek, J., Rattan, S. and Goyal, R. K. (1987). Galanin selectively inhibits noncholinergic component of peristalsis in smooth-muscle of opossum esophagus. Gastroenterology, 92, 1802 Kaplan, L. M., Spindel, E. R., Isselbacher, K. J. and Chin, W. W. (1988). Tissue-specific expression of the rat galanin gene. Proc. NatlAcad. Sci. USA, 85, 1065–1069

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, Y., Iwasaki, Y., Iwasaki, J., Abe, H., Yanaihara, N. and Imura, H. (1978). Prolactin release by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in rats. Endocrinology, 10, 554–558

    Google Scholar 

  • Kishimoto, S., Kobayashi, H., Takaba, N., Konemori, R., Shimizu, S., Yamamoto, M., Tamaru, T., Kajiyama, G. and Miyoshi, A. (1987). A galanin-like peptide in the colon of the golden hamster. Hiroshima J. Med. Sci., 36, 315–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Klotzenburg, M., Gibson, S., Fitzgerald, M., Bloom, S. R. and Polak, J. M. (1984). Postnatal development of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like, substance P (SP)-like, galanin (GAL)-like and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-like immunoreactivity in the rat lumbar spinal cord. Regulat. Pept., 9, 337

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, R. M., Palkovits, M., Kopin, I. J. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1974). Biochemical mapping of noradrenergic nerves arising from the rat locus coeruleus. Brain Res., 77, 269–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, C, Ericson, H., Watanabe, T., Polak, J. M., Palay, S. L., Palay, V. and Chan-Palay, V. (1986). Galanin immunoreactivity in hypothalamic histamine neurons: Further evidence for multiple chemical messengers in the tuberomamillary nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol., 250, 58–64

    Google Scholar 

  • König, J. F. R. and Klippel, R. A. (1963). The Rat Brain. A Stereotaxic Atlas. Krieger Publishing, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Koshiyma, H., Kato, Y., Inoue, T., Murakami, Y., Ishikawa, Y., Yanaihara, N. and Imura, H. (1987). Central galanin stimulates pituitary prolactin secretion in rats: possible involvement of hypothalamic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Neurosci. Lett., 75, 49–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Kummer, W. (1987). Galanin- and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivities coexist in paravertebral sympathetic neurones of the cat. Neurosci. Lett., 78, 127paraver-tebral2013;131

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwok, Y. N., Verchere, C. B., Mclntosh, C. H. and Brown, J. C. (1988). Effect of galanin on endocrine secretions from the isolated perfused rat stomach and pancreas. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 145, 49–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyrkouli, S. E., Stanley, B. G. and Leibowitz, S. F. (1986). Galanin: stimulation of feeding induced by medial hypothalamic injection of this novel peptide. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 122, 159–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, B. and Ullenberg, S. (1977). A rapid film for gross autoradiography with tritium. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol., 41, 48–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, L. T., Helm, G., Malmfours, G. and Sundler, F. (1987). Ontogeny of peptide-containing neurons in human gut—an immunocytochemical study. Regulat. Pept., 17, 243–256 Leibowitz, S. F. (1985). Brain neurotransmitters and appetite regulation. Psychopharmacol. Bull, 21, 412–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, M. C, Sawchenko, P. E., Howe, P. R., Bloom, S. R. and Polak, J. M. (1987). Organization of galanin-immunoreactive inputs to the paraventricular nucleus with special reference to their relationship to catecholaminergic afferents. J. Comp. Neurol., 261, 562–582 Lindskog, S. and Ahren, B. (1987). Galanin—effects on basal and stimulated insulin and glucagon secretion in the mouse. Acta Physiol. Scand., 129, 305–309

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindskog, S., Ahren, B. and Efendic, S. (1987). Galanin and pancreastatin— 2 newly discovered intrapancreatic peptides that inhibit insulin-secretion in the mouse. Acta Endocrinol., 115, 282, P36

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. Y., Farr, A. L. and Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265–275

    Google Scholar 

  • McCulloch, C. R., Kuwahara, A., Condon, C. D. and Cooke, H. J. (1987). Neuropeptide modification of chloride secretion in guinea pig distal colon. Regulat. Pept., 19, 35–43 McDonald, T. J., Dupre, J., Greenberg, G., Brooks, B., Tepperman, F., Tatemoto, K. and Mutt, V. (1985a). The effect of galanin on canine insulin responses to oral nutrients. Clin. Invest. Med. Clin. Exp., 8, 77

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, T. J., Dupre, J., Greenberg, G. R., Tepperman, F., Brooks, B., Tatemoto, K. and Mutt, V. (1986a). The effect of galanin to canine plasma glucose and gastroenteropancreatic hormone responses to oral nutrients and intravenous arginine. Endocrinology, 119, 2340–2345 McDonald, T. J., Dupre, J., Tatemoto, K., Greenberg, G. R., Radziuk, J. and Mutt, V. (1985b). Galanin inhibits insulin secretion and induces hyperglycaemia in dogs. Diabetes, 34, 192–196

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, T. J., Greenberg, G. R., Brooks, B. and Dupre, J. (1986b). Studies on the mechanism of galanin’s inhibition of canine insulin-secretion. Clin. Invest. Med. Clin. Exp., 9, 39

    Google Scholar 

  • Maggi, C. A., Santicioli, P., Patacchini, R., Turini, D., Barbanti, G., Beneforti, P., Giuliani, S. and Meli, A. (1987). Galanin: a potent modulator of excitatory neurotransmission in the human urinary bladder. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 143,135–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Manabe, T., Yoshimura, T., Kii, E., Tanaka, Y., Oshio, G., Tobe, T., Akaji, K. and Yajima, H. (1986). Galanin-induced hyperglycaemia—effect on insulin and glucagon. Endocr. Res., 12, 93–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Marti, E., Gibson, S. J., Facer, P., Krotzenburg, M. and Polak, J. M. (1985). Neuronal maturation in human and rat spinal cord assessed by immunoreactivity for substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), galanin and neurofilament proteins. Regulat. Pept., 13,65

    Google Scholar 

  • Marti, E., Gibson, S. J., Polak, J. M., Facer, P., Springali, D. R., Van Aswegen, G., Aitchison, A. and Klotzenburg, M. (1987). Ontogeny of peptide- and amine-containing neurones in motor, sensory, and autonomic regions of rat and human spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and rat skin. J. Comp. Neurol., 266, 332–359

    Google Scholar 

  • Meister, B. and Hulting, A. L. (1987). Influence of coexisting hypothalamic messengers on growth hormone secretion from rat anterior pituitary cells in vitro. Neuroendocrinology, 46, 387–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Melander, T., Fuxe, K., Harfstrand, A., Eneroth, P. and Hökfelt, T. (1987). Effects of intraventricular injections of galanin on neuroendocrine functions in the male rat. Possible involvement of hypothalamic catecholamine neuronal systems. Ada Physiol. Scand., 131, 25–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Melander, T., Hokfelt, T., Nilsson, S. and Brodin, E. (1986a). Visualization of galanin binding sites in the rat central nervous system. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 124, 381–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Melander, T., Hökfelt, T. and Rokaeus, A. (1986b). Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol., 248, 475–517

    Google Scholar 

  • Melander, T., Hökfelt, T., Rokaeus, A., Cuello, A. C, Oertel, W. H., Verhofstad, A. and Goldstein, M. (1986c). Coexistence of galanin-like immunoreactivity with catecholamines, 5-hydroxytryptamine, GABA and neuropeptides in the rat CNS. J. Neurosci., 6, 3640–3654

    Google Scholar 

  • Melander, T., Hökfelt, T., Rökaeus, A., Fahrenkrug, J., Tatemoto, K. and Mutt, V. (1985a). Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract of several mammalian species. Cell Tiss. Res., 239, 253–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Melander, T. and Staines, W. A. (1986). A galanin-like peptide coexists in putative cholinergic somata of the septum-basal forebrain complex and in acetylcholinesterase containing fibers and varicosities within the hippocampus of the Owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). Neurosci. Lett., 68, 17–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Melander, T., Staines, W., Hökfelt, T., Rökaeus, A., Eckstein, F., Salvaterra, P.M. and Wainer, B. H. (1985b). Galanin-like immunoreactivity in cholinergic neurons of the septum-basal forebrain complex projecting to the hippocampus of the rat. Brain Res., 360, 130–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Melander, T., Staines, W. A. and Rokaeus, A. (1986d). Galanin-like immunoreactivity in hippocampal afferents in the rat with special reference to cholinergic and noradrenergic inputs. Neuroscience, 19, 223–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesulam, M. M., Mufson, E. J., Wainer, B. H. and Levey, A. I. (1983). Central cholinergic pathways in the rat: an overview based on an alternative nomenclature (Chl-Ch6). Neuroscience, 10, 1185–1201

    Google Scholar 

  • Murakami, Y., Kato, Y., Koshiyama, H., Inoue, T., Yanaihara, N. and Imura, H. (1987). Galanin stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion via GH-releasing factor (GRF) in conscious rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 136, 415–418 Nordström, Ö., Melander, T., Hökfelt, T., Bartfai, T. and Goldstein, M. (1987). Evidence for an inhibitory effect of the peptide galanin on dopamine release from the rat median eminence. Neurosci. Lett., 73, 21–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohhashi, T. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1985). Galanin potentiates electrical stimulation and exogenous norepinephrine-induced contractions in the rat vas deferens. Regulat. Pept., 12, 163–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Olschowka, J. A., O’Donohue, T. L. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1981). The distribution of bovine pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactive neurons in rat brain. Pep tides, 2, 309–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Olschowka, J. A., O’Donohue, T. L., Mueller, G. P. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1982). The distribution of corticotropin releasing factor-like immunoreactive neurons in rat brain. Peptides, 3, 995–1015

    Google Scholar 

  • Ottlecz, A., Samson, W. K. and McCann, S. M. (1986). Galanin: evidence for a hypothalamic site of action to release growth hormone. Peptides, 7, 51–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Palacios, J. M., Niehoff, D. L. and Kuhar, M. J. (1981). Receptor autoradiography with tritium-sensitive film: potential for computerized densitometry. Neurosci. Lett., 24, 111–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Palkovits, M. (1973). Isolated removal of hypothalamic or other brain nuclei of the rat. Brain Res., 59, 449–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Palkovits, M. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1974). Topographic atlas of catecholamine and acetylcho-linesterase-containing neurons in the rat brain. II. Hindbrain (mesencephalon, rhombencepha-lon). J. Comp. Neurol., 157, 29–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Palkovits, M., Rokaeus, A., Antoni, F. A. and Kiss, A. (1987). Galanin in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. Neuroendocrinology, 46, 417–423

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. M., Schemann, M., Tamura, K. and Wood, J. D. (1986). Galanin mimics slow synaptic inhibition of myenteric neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 122, 379–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. M., Schemann, M., Tamura, K. and Wood, J. D. (1987). Suppression of excitability in the myenteric neurons by galanin—a new inhibitory peptide in the gut. Fed. Proc., 46,1064 Paxinos, G. and Watson, C. (1986). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  • Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. (1986). Regulatory peptides of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther., 280 (Suppl.), 16–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, J. L. (1981). The efferent projections of the amygdaloid complex in the rat, cat and monkey. In The Amygdaloid Complex, INSERM Symposium No. 20 (ed. Y. Ben-Ari). Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp. 121–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Quirion, R., Hammer, R. P., Herkenham, M. and Pert, C. B. (1981). The phencyclidine (angel dust)/a ‘opiate’ receptor: Its visualization by tritium sensitive film. Proc. NatlAcad. Sci. USA, 78, 5881–5885

    Google Scholar 

  • Rattan, S. and Goyal, R. K. (1987). Effect of galanin on the opossum lower esophageal sphincter. Life Sci., 41, 2783–2790

    Google Scholar 

  • Roizen, M. F., Kobayashi, R. M., Muth, E. A. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1976). Biochemical mapping of noradrenergic projections of axons in the dorsal noradrenergic bundle. Brain Res., 104, 384–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Rokaeus, A. (1987). Galanin—a newly isolated biologically-active neuropeptide. Trends Neurosci., 10,15–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Rökaeus, A. and Brownstein, M. (1986). Construction of a porcine adrenal-medullary cDNA library and nucleotide sequence analysis of 2 clones encoding a galanin precursor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 83, 6287—6291

    Google Scholar 

  • Rökaeus, A., Melander, T., Hökfelt, T., Lundberg, J. M., Tatemoto, K., Carlquist, M. and Mutt, V. (1984). A galanin-like peptide in the central nervous system and intestine of the rat. Neurosci. Lett., 47 161–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Rökaeus, A., Young, W. S. and Mezey, E. (1988). Galanin coexists with vasopressin in the normal rat hypothalamus and galanin’s synthesis is increased in the Brattleboro (diabetes insipidus) rats. Neurosci. Lett., 90, 45–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, M. G., Amara, S. G. and Evans, R. M. (1984). Alternative RNA processing: Determining neuronal phenotype. Science, N.Y., 225,1315–1320

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, M. G., Mermod, J. J., Amara, S. G., Swanson, L. W., Sawchenko, P. E., Rivier, J., Vale, W. W. and Evans, R. M. (1983). Production of a novel neuropeptide encoded by the calcitonin gene via tissue-specific RNA-processing. Nature, 304,129–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahu, A., Crowley, W. R., Tatemoto, K., Balasubramaniam, A. and Kalra, S. P. (1987). Effects of neuropeptide Y on LH release in ovariectomized (ovx) and ovx estrogen, progesterone-treated rats. Peptides, 8, 921–926

    Google Scholar 

  • Scadding, J. W. (1980). The permanent anatomical effects of neonatal capsaicin on soma-tosensory nerves. J. Anat., 131, 473–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnürer, E. M., Dupre, J. and McDonald, T. J. (1986). Inhibition of insulin secretion by neuropeptides galanin (GAL) and gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP) in rats. Diabetes, 35, 177

    Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta, A. and Goyal, R. K. (1988). Localization of galanin immunoreactivity in the opossum esophagus. J. Auton. New. Syst., 22, 49–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Servin, A. L., Amiranoff, B., Rouyerfessard, C, Tatemoto, K. and Laburthe, M. (1987). Identification and molecular characterization of galanin receptor sites in rat brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 144, 298–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Shults, C. W., Quirion, R., Chronwall, B., Chase, T. N. and O’Donohue, T. L. (1984). A comparison of the anatomical distribution of substance P and substance P receptors in the rat central nervous system. Peptides, 5, 1097–1128

    Google Scholar 

  • Silvestre, R. A., Miralles, P., Monge, L., Moreno, P., Villanueva, M. L. and Mrarco, J. (1987a). Effects of galanin on hormone-secretion from the in situ perfused rat pancreas and on glucose-production in rat hepatocytes in vitro. Endocrinology, 121, 378–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Silvestre, R. A., Miralles, R., Monge, L., Villanueva, M. L. and Marco, J. (1987b). Inhibitory effects of galanin on pancreatic polypeptide release by the perfused rat pancreas. Life Sci., 40, 1829–1833

    Google Scholar 

  • Silvestre, R. A., Monge, L., Miralles, P., Moreno, P., Villanueva, M. L. and Marco, J. (1986). Effect of galanin, a new intestinal peptide, on pancreatic hormone-secretion by the perfused rat pancreas. Diabetologica, 29, 594

    Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1985a). Immunohistochemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous system. Peptides, 6, 509–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1985b). Galanin-like immunoreactivity in capsaicin sensitive sensory neurons and ganglia. Brain Res. Bull., 15,191–195 Skofitsch, G. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1985c). Distribution of corticotropin releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay: Comparison and characterization of ovine and rat/human CRF antisera. Peptides, 6, 319–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1985d). Calcitonin gene-related peptide: Immunohistochemical distribution in the rat central nervous system. Peptides, 6, 721–745

    Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1985e). Autoradiographic distribution of 125 I-calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites in the rat central nervous system. Peptides, 6, 975–986

    Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1985f). Calcitonin gene-related peptide coexists with substance P in capsaicin sensitive ganglia of the rat. Peptides, 6, 747–754

    Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1985g). Distribution of corticotropin releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay: comparison and characterization of ovine and rat/human antisera. Peptides, 6, 319–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1986). Quantitative distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system.Peptides, 7, 609–613

    Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1988). Atrial natriuretic peptide in the central nervous system of the rat. Cell. Molec. Neurobiol.,8, 339–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G., Jacobowitz, D. M., Amann, R. and Lembeck, F. (1988). Galanin and vasopressin coexist in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system. Neuroendocrinology, 49, 419–427

    Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G., Jacobowitz, D. M, Eskay, R. L. and Zamir, N. (1985a). Distribution of atrial natriuretic factor-like immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain. Neuroscience, 16, 917–948

    Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G., Jacobowitz, D. M. and Zamir, N. (1985b). Immunohistochemical localization of a melanin concentrating hormone-like peptide in the rat brain. Brain Res. Bull, 15, 535–549

    Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G., Sills, M. A. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1986). Autoradiographic distribution of 125 I-galanin binding sites in the rat central nervous system. Peptides, 7,1029–1042

    Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G., Zamir, N., Helke, C. J., Savitt, J. M. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1985c). Corticotropin releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in sensory ganglia and capsaicin sensitive neurons of the rat central nervous system. Peptides, 6, 307–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiess, J., Rivier, J. and Vale, W. (1983). Characterization of rat hypothalamic growth hormone releasing factor. Nature, 303, 532–535

    Google Scholar 

  • Staines, W. A., Yamamoto, T., Daddona, P. E. and Nagy, J. I. (1986). Neuronal colocalization of adenosine deaminase, monoamine oxidase, galanin and 5-hydroxytryptophan uptake in the

    Google Scholar 

  • tuberomamillary nucleus of the rat. Brain Res. Bull., 17, 351–365 Stone, R. A., McGlinn, A. M. and Kuwayama, Y. (1988). Galanin-like immunoreactive nerves in the porcine eye. Exp. Eye Res., 46, 457–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Stromberg, I., Bjorklund, H., Melander, T., Rökaeus, A., Hökfelt, T. and Olson, L. (1987). Galanin-immunoreactive nerves in the rat iris: alterations induced by denervation. Cell Tiss. Res., 250, 267–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutin, E. L. and Jacobowitz, D. M. (1988). Immunocytochemical localization of peptides and other neurochemicals in the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and adjacent area. J. Comp. Neurol, 270, 243–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, L. W., Mogenson, G. J., Simerly, R. B. and Wu, M. (1987). Anatomical and electrophysiological evidence for a projection from the medial preoptic area of the ‘mesencephalic and subthalamic locomotor regions’ in the rat. Brain Res., 405, 108–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Tainino, H., Vaalasti, A. and Rechardt, L. (1987). The distribution of substance P-, CGRP-, galanin- and ANP-like immunoreactive nerves in human sweat glands. Histochem. J., 19, 375–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamura, K., Palmer, J. M. and Wood, J. D. (1987). Galanin suppresses nicotinic synaptic transmission in the mysenteric plexus of guinea pig small intestine. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 136, 445v2013;446

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatemoto, K., Rökaeus, A., Joernvall, H., McDonald, D. J. and Mutt, V. (1983). Galanin—a novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine. FEBS Lett., 164, 124–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Terenghi, G., Hacker, G. W., Varndell, I. M., Bauer, F. E., Bloom, S. R. and Polak, J. M. (1986). Galanin-immunoreactivity in normal adrenals and phaeochromocytomas. J. Pathol., 148, 94

    Google Scholar 

  • Uda, K., Okamura, H., Ibuki, T., Yanaihara, N. and Ibata, Y. (1985). Galanin immunoreactive fibers and terminals in the rat medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Ada Histochem. Cytochem., 18, 673

    Google Scholar 

  • Uddman, R. and Sundler, F. (1987). Neuropeptides in the airways: a review. Ann. Rev. Respir. Dis., 136, S3-8

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentino, K. L., Eberwine, J. H. and Barchas, J. D. (Eds.) (1987). In situ Hybridization. Applications to Neurobiology. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Vrontakis, M. E., Peden, L. M., Duckworth, M. L. and Friesen, H. G. (1987). Isolation and characterization of a complementary DNA (galanin) clone from estrogen-induced pituitary tumor messenger RNA. J. Biol. Chem., 262, 16755–16758

    Google Scholar 

  • Yajima, H., Futaki, S., Fujii, N., Akaji, K., Funakoshi, S., Sakurai, M., Katakura, S., Inoue, K., Hosotani, R., Tobe, T., Segawa, T., Inoue, A., Tatemoto, K. and Mutt, V. (1985). Synthesis of galanin, a new gastrointestinal polypeptide. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 13, 877–878

    Google Scholar 

  • Yajima, H., Futaki, S., Fujii, N., Akaji, K., Funakoshi, S., Sakurai, M., Katakura, S., Inoue, K., Hosotani, R., Tobe, T., Segawa, T., Inoue, A., Tatemoto, K. and Mutt, V. (1986). Studies on peptides. 133. Synthesis and biological-activity of galanin, a novel porcine intestinal polypeptide. Cem. Pharmazeut. Bull, 34, 528–539

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanagisawa, M., Yagi, N., Otsuka, M., Yanaihara, C. and Yanaihara, N. (1986). Inhibitory effects of galanin on the isolated spinal cord of the newborn rat. Neurosci. Lett., 70, 278–282 Yau, W. M., Dorsett, J. A. and Youther, M. L. (1986). Evidence for galanin for an inhibitory neuropeptide of myenteric cholinergic neurons in the guinea pig small intestine. Neurosci. Lett., 72, 305–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura, T., Manabe, T. and Tobe, T. (1986). Effects of synthetic galanin on insulin and pancreatic glucagon in conscious dogs. Digest. Dis. Sci, 31, 164

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, W. S. and Kuhar, M. J. (1979). A new method for receptor autoradiography 3 H-opioid receptor labeling in mounted tissue sections. Brain Res., 179, 255–270

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Section of Wildlife Research and Parasitology, University of Graz, A-1080, Graz, Austria

    Gerhard Skofitsch

  2. Clinical Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room3D-48, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    David M. Jacobowitz

Authors
  1. Gerhard Skofitsch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David M. Jacobowitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, 0X26AW, Oxford, UK

    Neville N. Osborne

Copyright information

© 1990 Macmillan Publishers Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Skofitsch, G., Jacobowitz, D.M. (1990). Galanin in the Central Nervous System: A Review. In: Osborne, N.N. (eds) Current Aspects of the Neurosciences. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10997-5_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10997-5_1

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-10999-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-349-10997-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation