Abstract
Modern Japanese emigration began in 1868 with the Meiji Restoration of 1868–1912. From the outset, the emigrants were migrant workers and were regarded as such by the Japanese government; those who sought permanent residency at their destinations were an exceptional few. As of October 1986, the total number of Nikkeijin exceeded 1 640 000, with the large majority residing in the United States (740 000) and Brazil (630 000). By Nikkeijin is meant two categories of Japanese emigrants — first-, second- and third-generation Japanese who are naturalized citizens of their host countries, and Japanese citizens who are permanent residents in those countries (see Table 4.1 and 4.2).1
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Tsuchida, M. (1998). A History of Japanese Emigration from the 1860s to the 1990s. In: Weiner, M., Hanami, T. (eds) Temporary Workers or Future Citizens?. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14418-1_4
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