Abstract
‘I am the son of a peasant.’
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Notes
Kewal L. Panjabi, The Indomitable Sardar (Bombay: Bharatiya Bhavan, 1962) pp. 43–4.
There is a vast literature on peasants and the differences among them. Hamza Alavi, ‘Peasants and Revolution’, in The Socialist Register (London: Merlin Press, 1965) pp. 241–77,
and Eric R. Wolf, Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century (London: Faber and Faber, 1973; 1st pubd, 1971) are starting points. The National Sample Surveys, published by the Cabinet Secretariat, have been compiling and analysing Indian agricultural statistics for nearly thirty years.
One such table is in Angus Maddison, Class Structure and Economic Growth. India and Pakistan since the Moghuls (London: Allen and Unwin, 1971) p.106.
Ravinder Kumar, ‘The Rise of the Rich peasants in Western India’, in D. A. Low (ed.), Soundings in Modern South Asian History (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968) pp. 25–58.
V. Shankar, My Reminiscences of Sardar Patel, vol. II (New Delhi: Macmillan, 1974) p.81.
P. D. Reeves, ‘The Politics of Order: “Anti-Non-Cooperation” in the United Provinces, 1921’, Journal of Asian Studies, XXV, 2 (Feb. 1966) p. 262.
T. B. Macaulay, Minute on Education, 2 Feb. 1835, in Christine Dobbin (ed.), Basic Documents in the Development of Modern India and Pakistan 1835–1947 (London: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1970) p. 18.
B. B. Misra, The Indian Middle Classes. Their Growth in Modern Times (London: Oxford University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1961) p. 304.
John R. McLane, Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977) p. 54.
Dipesh Chakraborty, Communal Riots and Labour: Bengal’s Jute Millhands in the 1890s (Calcutta: Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Occasional Paper no. 11, 1976) pp. 40–3.
B. R. Nanda, Gokhale. The Indian Moderates and the British Raj (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1977) p. 287.
Quoted in Bipin Chandra, Modern India (New Delhi: National Council of Educational Research and Training, 1977; 1st pubd, 1971) p. 213.
Sumit Sarkar, The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, 1903–8 (New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1973) provides a lengthy account.
A. C. Bose, Indian Revolutionaries Abroad, 1905–22 (Patna: Bharati Bhawan, 1971) pp. 159–73.
M. K. Gandhi, An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments With Truth (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1966; 1st pubd, 1927) p. 337.
S. Gopal, British Policy in India, 1858–1905 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965) p. 182, quoting Lansdowne, the Viceroy, to Cross, Secretary of State for India, 1 Jan. 1889.
J. H. Broomfield, Elite Conflict in a Plural Society: Twentieth-Century Bengal (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), p. 54;
A. B. Keith, A Constitutional History of India, 1600–1935 (London: Methuen, 1936) pp. 229–32.
H. F. Owen, ‘Negotiating the Lucknow Pact’, Journal of Asian Studies, XXXI, 3 (May 1972) pp. 561–87.
Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India (London: Meridian, 1951; 1st pubd, 1946) p. 336.
Judith M. Brown, Gandhi’s Rise to Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972) p. 164.
Ibid., pp. 202, 221, 254–5, 265. See also Richard Gordon, ‘Non-Cooperation and Council Entry, 1919 to 1920’, in John Gallagher, Gordon Johnson and Anil Seal (eds.), Locality, Province and Nation (Cambridge University Press, 1973) pp. 443–73.
Jawaharlal Nehru, An Autobiography (London: Bodley Head, 1953; 1st pubd, 1936) pp. 65–6.
D. A. Low, ‘The Government of India and the First Non-Cooperation Movement, 1920–22’, Journal of Asian Studies, XXV, 2 (Feb. 1966) p. 257.
Gopal Krishna, The Development of the Indian National Congress as a Mass Organisation, 1918–23’, in Thomas R. Metcalf (ed.), Modern India (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1971) pp. 262–5. The full version of this paper is in the Journal of Asian Studies, XXV, 3 (May 1966) pp. 413–30.
Judith M. Brown, Gandhi and Civil Disobedience (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977) pp. 9–12.
Panjabi, Indomitable Sardar, pp. 54–62; David Hardiman, ‘The Crisis of the Lesser Patidars: Peasant Agitations in Kheda District, Gujarat, 1917–34’, in D. A. Low (ed.), Congress and the Raj (London: Heinemann, 1977) p. 62;
Ghanshyam Shah, ‘Traditional Society and Political Mobilization: the Experience of the Bardoli Satyagraha (1920–1928)’, Contributions to Indian Sociology (n.s.), 8 (1974) pp. 89–107.
Krishnalal Shridharani, The Big Four of India (Delhi: Malhotra Brothers, 1951) pp. 81, 83.
Gyanendra Pandey, ‘A Rural Base for Congress: The United Provinces, 1920–40’, and Lance Brennan, ‘From One Raj to Another: Congress Politics in Rohilkhand, 1930–50’, both in Low (ed.), Congress and the Raj, pp. 214, 477. See also Gyanendra Pandey, The Ascendancy of the Congress in Uttar Pradesh, 1926–34 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1978).
Binay Bhushan Chaudhuri, ‘Agrarian Movements in Bihar and Bengal, 1919–39’, in B. R. Nanda (ed.), Socialism in India (Delhi: Vikas, 1972), p. 220. Pandey, ‘Rural Base’, p. 214.
Shankar, Reminiscences, vol. II, p. 20. See also Brown, Civil Disobedience, pp. 120, 290; and A. D. Gordon, Businessmen and Politics (Canberra: ANU South Asian History Section, 1977) pp. 228–9.
Eric Stokes, ‘The Return of the Peasant to South Asian History’, South Asia, 6 (Dec. 1976) p. 105.
Max Harcourt, ‘Kisan Populism and Revolution in Rural India: The 1942 Disturbances in Bihar and East United Provinces’, in Low (ed.), Congress and the Raj, p. 342. Francis G. Hutchins, India’s Revolution, Gandhi and the Quit India Movement (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973) p. 235.
Proceedings of the All Parties National Convention (Allahabad: 1928), quoted in Uma Kaura, Muslims and Indian Nationalism. The Emergence of the Demand for India’s Partition, 1928–40 (Delhi: Manohar, 1977) p. 45.
Quoted in David Gilmartin, ‘Religious Leadership and the Pakistan Movement in the Punjab’, Modern Asian Studies, XIII, 3 (July 1979) p. 515.
Quoted in R. Coupland, The Future of India (London: Oxford University Press, 1943) p. 9.
Penderel Moon (ed.), Wavell, The Viceroy’s Journal (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1977; 1st pubd, 1973) pp. 330–2.
Lt-Gen. Sir Frank Messervy, 24 Mar. 1947, quoted in Robin Jeffrey, ‘The Punjab Boundary Force and the Problem of Order: August 1947’, Modern Asian Studies, VIII, 4 (Oct. 1974) p. 495.
Keith Callard, Pakistan. A Political Study (London: Allen and Unwin, 1957) p. 67. See also Gilmartin, ‘Religious Leadership’, p. 517.
Patel to Ranjit Singh, 22 Feb. 1946, in Durga Das (ed.), Sardar Patel’s Correspondence, vol. II (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1972) pp. 325–6.
M. Lipton, ‘Urban Bias and Rural Planning in India’, in Henry Bernstein (ed.), Underdevelopment and Development: The Third World Today (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976; 1st pubd, 1973) p. 246. See also India Today, 1–15 Jan. 1978, p. 33.
George Rosen, Democracy and Economic Change in India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966) p. 116. See also pp. 196–7, 214–19, 240–1.
Stanley A. Kochanek, The Congress Party of India. The Dynamics of One-Party Dominance (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968) p. 360.
See also Myron Weiner, Party Building in a New Nation. The Indian National Congress (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967) pp. 30–54, 459–81.
W. S. Neale, Economic Change in Rural India. Land Tenure and Reform in Uttar Pradesh, 1800–1955 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962).
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© 1981 Robin Jeffrey
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Jeffrey, R. (1981). India. In: Jeffrey, R. (eds) Asia—The Winning of Independence. Macmillan Asian Histories Series. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16634-3_3
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