Abstract
The legislation that governed the administration of justice and the policing of the Liberal state with little modification down to the First World War was established between 1859 and 1865, and mainly under the terms of the emergency powers conferred on the Piedmontese government during the war of 1859. The new Civil Law Code was published in 1865 after only the briefest parliamentary scrutiny and was based largely on the Savoyard civil code of 1837, updated in the light of the French Civil Code of Napoelon III by a select commission of Piedmontese and Lombard jurists. The criminal law again proved more difficult to standardise, although the Piedmontese Criminal Laws of 1859 were in 1863 extended by decree to the annexed states except Tuscany, and remain provisionally in force until a revised Code was introduced in 1889 by Zanardelli. But this too was no more than a revision of the Piedmontese Code, and despite the fact that the severity of the Piedmontese laws in contrast with those of many of the other former states was widely criticised, the only major concession was over the death penalty, which in deference to the Tuscan Code was suspended. The Code of Criminal Law Procedure was taken directly from Piedmont and was revised more frequently, while the Piedmontese Public Security Regulations of 1859 were immediately extended to all annexed territories at the time of Unification and were thereafter subject to constant revisions and additions.1
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Notes
See A. Aquarone L’Unificazione Legislativa e I Codici del 1986 (Milan, 1965);
G. Neppi Modena ‘Legislazione Penale’ in Storia d’Italia: Il Mondo Contemporaneo eds F. Levi, U. Levra and N. Tranfaglia (Florence, 1978).
E.g. D. Philips ‘A New Engine of Power and Authority: the Institution of Law Enforcement in England 1780–1830’ and V. A. C. Gattrell ‘The Decline of Theft and Violence in Victorian and Edwardian England’ in V. A. C. Gattrell, B. Lenman and G. Parker (eds) Crime and the Law: The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500 (London, 1980).
G. Neppi Modena ‘Carceri e Società Civile’ in Storia d’Italia (Turin; Einaudi, 1973) Vol. 5 (2), p. 1919.
G. Amato Individuo e Autorità nella Disciplina della Libertà Personale (Milan, 1967);
G. Amato ‘La Libertà Personale’ in P. Barile (ed.) La Pubblica Sicurezza (Milan, 1967) Vol. 2, pp. 88–9.
Sommario delle Statistiche Storiche dell’Italia 1861–1965 (Rome, 1968), p. 57; but cf. G. Neppi Modena ‘Carcere e Società Civile’ (1973) p. 1929.
See Prisons and Reformatories at Home and Abroad ed. E. Pears (Transactions of the International Penitentiary Congress, July 1872) (Maidstone, 1912); report by Signor F. Cardon, Director-General of Italian Prisons, pp. 151–67; M. Beltrani Scalia Sul Governo e sulla Riforma delle Carceri in Italia (Turin, 1867).
See F. Cardon’s report and G. Neppi Modena ‘Carcere’ (1973) p. 1913.
E. Grottanelli ‘La Politica dell’Amministrazione Communale di Milano’ in Città e Controllo (Milan, 1982) pp. 163–81.
G. Neppi Modena ‘Carcere’ (1973) p. 1913.
M. Piccialuti Caprioli ‘Il Sistema di Beneficenza Pubblica nel Piemonte Pre-Unitario’ in Città e Controllo (Milan, 1982) p. 483.
A. Cherubini Storia della Previdenza Sociale (Rome, 1977) pp. 38–41.
J. W. Mario La Miseria di Napoli (Florence, 1877) p. 207;
P. Villari ‘La Riforma della Beneficenza’ (May, 1980) in Scritti sulla Questione Sociali in Italia (Florence, 1902) p. 364.
F. S. Nitti ‘Poor Relief in Italy’ (The Economic Review 1892) in Opere di F. S. Nitti Vol. 1, p. 233; V. Hunecke (1982) p. 307.
E.g. C. G. Marino L’Opposizione Mafiosa (1964) pp. 78–81.
Cf. R. D. Storch ‘The Policeman as Domestic Missionary’ JSH 1976.
A. Gambasin Parocci e Contadini nel Veneto alla Fine dell’Ottocento (Rome, 1973) p. 56ff;
A. Lazzarini Vita Sociale e Religiosa nel Padovano agli Inizi del Novecento (Rome, 1978) p. 115ff;
S. Lanaro Società e Ideologie nel Veneto Rurale (1866–98) (Rome, 1976);
C. Ginsborg ‘Folklore, Magia, Religione’ Storia d’Italia (Turin, Einaudi, 1974) Vol. 1, pp. 668–9.
M. Galizia (1967) p. 521; R. Macrelli L’Indegna Sciavitù: Anna Maria Mozzoni e La Lotta Contro La Prostituzione di Stato (Rome, 1974) p. 10;
G. Gattei ‘La Sifilide: Medici e Poliziotti intorno alla “Venere Politica”’ in Storia d’Italia Annali 7 Malattia e Medicina ed. F. Della Peruta (Turin, Einaudi, 1985) pp. 741–98;
R. Villa ‘Sul Processo di Criminalizzazione della Prostituzione nell’Ottocento’ in MOS 1981 pp. 269–87 and Ch. 5 above.
On the abolitionist campaign in Britain and France see P. McHugh Prostitution and Victorian Social Reform (London, 1980);
F. Finnegan Poverty and Prostitution: A Study of Victorian Prostitution in York (London, 1979);
J. Harsin Policing Prostitution in Paris (New York, 1984);
R. J. Evans ‘Policing Prostitution in Imperial Germany’ pp. 70, 1975;
S de Schaepdrijver ‘Regulated Prostitution in Brussels 1844–77’ in IAHCCJ Newsletter Nov. 1986 pp. 70–89.
Since this chapter was written M. Gibson Prostitution and the State in Italy 1860–1915 (New Jersey, 1986) has also been published.
J. W. Mario La Miseria in Napoli (Florence, 1877) pp. 48, 184.
ACSR: Carte Crispi: 78/2; on public expenditure see E. Luzzatti and R. Portesi ‘La Spesa Publica’ in S. Cassese (ed.) L’Amministrazione Centrale (1984) pp. 209–11 and R. Romanelli (1979) pp. 448–9.
G. Rochat ‘L’Esercito Italiano negli Ultimi Cento Anni’ Storia d’Italia (Turin, Einaudi, 1973) Vol. 5(2), p. 1873.
Ibid., p. 1874; see also L. Pelloux Quelques Souvenirs de Ma Vie ed. G. Manacorda Rome 1967, pp. xi–lvii.
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© 1988 John A. Davis
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Davis, J.A. (1988). The Police and the People in Liberal Italy 1860–90. In: Conflict and Control: Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Italy. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19277-9_9
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