Abstract
St Bonaventure was born Giovanni Fidanza in Bagnoregio near Viterbo probably in 1217. He studied arts at Paris (c. 1236–42) before joining the Franciscan order there in 1243. He then studied theology under the regency of Alexander of Hales and, after the latter’s death in 1245, under lesser known Franciscan masters. He received the licence in theology in 1253 and taught until 1257, though because of the dispute between secular and mendicant masters he was not recognised as a master of the faculty until the autumn of 1257. Earlier in the same year he had become minister general of the Franciscan order and from this time he ceased to teach. However, in several series of university sermons he exercised an important influence at Paris in the period around 1270, when the first condemnation of the tenets of ‘radical Aristotelianism’, as current in the arts faculty, was issued. In 1273 he was appointed cardinal bishop of Albano. He died at Lyons, where he had been attending the general council, on 15 July 1274.
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Notes
F. van Steenberghen, Aristotle in the West. The Origins of Latin Aristotelianism (2nd edn; Louvain, 1970), is a good introduction to the period;
see also F. van Steenberghen, The Philosophical Movement in the Thirteenth Century (Belfast; Edinburgh, 1955) (lectures).
A series of studies by W. H. Principe, under the general title, The Theology of the Hypostatic Union in the Early Thirteenth Century (Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Studies and Texts, vii, xii, xix, xxxll; Toronto, 1963–75), though concerned with a specific theological doctrine, contain treatment of the philosophical presuppositions and provide short biographies and extensive bibliographies for the theologians considered. These are:
William of Auxerre (vol. i; 1963); Alexander of Hales (vol. it; 1967); Hugh of Saint-Cher (vol. ni; 1970); Philip the Chancellor (vol. iv; 1975). On the early period at Oxford, see D. A. Callus, ‘Introduction of Aristotelian Learning to Oxford’, Proceedings of the British Academy, xxlx (1943), 229–81;
cf. Callus, ‘Two Early Oxford Masters on the Problem of Plurality of Forms. Adam of Buckfield. Richard Rufus of Cornwall’, Revue Néoscolastique de Philosophie, xlii (1939), 411–45.
C. H. Lawrence, St Edmund of Abingdon (Oxford, 1960), is the standard study of a figure whose scholastic career is of interest.
S. P. Marrone, William of Auvergne and Robert Grosseteste. New Ideas of Truth in the Early Thirteenth Century (Princeton, 1983), considers developments in epistemology in the period.
L. J. Bowman, ‘The Development of the Doctrine of the Agent Intellect in the Franciscan School of the Thirteenth Century’, The Modern Schoolman, l (1972–3), 251–79, sketches the doctrine through the century among teachers of this order. There are several important studies of Bonaventure:
J. G. Bougerol, Introduction to the Works of Bonaventure (Paterson, New Jersey, 1964; translated from French), is very useful;
E. Gilson, The Philosophy of St Bonaventure (Paterson, New Jersey, 1965; translated from French), is a valuable interpretation;
J. F. Quinn, The Historical Constitution of St Bonaventure’s Philosophy (Toronto, 1973), is exhaustive and judicious.
R. McKeon, ‘Philosophy and Theology, History and Science in the Thought of Bonaventura and Thomas Aquinas’, in D. Tracy, ed., Celebrating the Medieval Heritage: a Colloquy on the Thought of Aquinas and Bonaventure (The Journal of Religion, cvnt, Supplement, 1978), is a useful consideration of the method of the two thinkers.
J. A. Weisheipl, ed., Albertus Magnus and the Sciences, Commemorative Essays 1980 (Toronto, 1980), serves as a valuable review of the main features and problems.
J. Dunbabin, ‘The Two Commentaries of Albertus Magnus on the Nicomachean Ethics’, Recherches de Théologie Ancienne et Médiévale, xxx (1963),232–50, is an important study.
L. A. Kennedy, ‘The Nature of the Human Intellect according to St Albert the Great’, The Modern Schoolman, xxxvii (1959–60),121–37.
J. A. Weisheipl, Friar Thomas d’Aquino, his Life, Thought and Work (New York, 1974), is the standard biography, with a useful catalogue of authentic works. Among the introductions to Aquinas’ thought note especially:
J. Pieper, Guide to Thomas Aquinas (New York, 1962):
M.-D. Chenu, Towards Understanding St Thomas (Chicago, 1964);
F. C. Copleston, Aquinas (Harmondsworth, 1955);
A. Kenny, Aquinas (Oxford, 1980). The two latter are readable discussions from a philosophical viewpoint.
E. Gilson, The Christian Philosophy of St Thomas Aquinas (New York, 1956), is an excellent study.
A. C. Pegis, St Thomas and the Problem of the Soul in the Thirteenth Century (Toronto, 1934), is also excellent on this aspect. St Thomas Aquinas Commemorative Studies 2 vols (Toronto, 1974), contains important articles, some of which are signalled in the endnotes;
see also, G. Verbeke and D. Verhelst, eds, Aquinas and the Problems of his Time (Mediaevalia Lovaniensia, series t, Studia 5; Louvain, 1976)
and A. Parel, ed., Calgary Aquinas Studies (Toronto, 1978) (especially E. Synan, ‘Aquinas and his Age’).
B. Mondin, St Thomas Aquinas’ Philosophy in the Commentary to the Sentences (The Hague, 1975), is technical but useful in examining a rather neglected work.
J. Doig, Aquinas on Metaphysics. A Historico-Doctrinal Study of the Commentary on the Metaphysics (The Hague, 1972), is a close exposition.
R. J. Henle, Saint Thomas and Platonism. A Study of the Plato and Platonici Texts in the Writings of Saint Thomas (The Hague, 1956), on an aspect of Aquinas’ thought which has received insufficient emphasis.
The evolving interpretation of Aquinas’ political thought as bearing on the De Regno in particular may be followed in L. E. Boyle, ‘The De Regno and the Two Powers’, in O’Donnell, ed., Essays in honour of Anton Charles Pegis, pp. 237–47, and J. Catto, ‘Ideas and Experience in the Political Thought of Aquinas’, Past and Present, lxxi (1976),3–21; cf. also the first study (by L. Genicot, in French) in Verbeke and Verhelst, eds, Aquinas and the Problems of his Time which provides a convenient review.
T. Gilby, Principality and Polity: Aquinas and the Rise of State Theory in the West (London, 1958).
P. E. Persson, Sacra Doctrina: Reason and Revelalon in Aquinas (Oxford, 1970).
R. McInerney, Ethica Thomistica: the Moral Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas (Washington, D.C., 1982).
J. McEvoy, The Philosophy of Robert Grosseteste (Oxford, 1982), is a splendidly clear analysis.
See also J. McEvoy, ‘The Chronology of Robert Grosseteste’s Writings on Nature and Natural Philosophy’, Speculum, lvii (1983), 614–55.
A. C. Crombie, Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science 1100–1700 (Oxford, 1953), for an assessment of Grosseteste within this strand.
D. E. Sharp, Franciscan Philosophy at Oxford in the Thirteenth Century (Oxford, 1930), was pioneering and remains fundamental.
T. Crowley, Roger Bacon. The Problem of the Soul in his Philosophical Commentaries (Louvain; Dublin, 1950).
S. C. Easton, Roger Bacon and his Search for a Universal Science (Oxford, 1952).
E. M. F. Sommer-Seckendorf Studies in the Life of Robert Kilwardby (Rome, 1937)
and D. Douie, Archbishop Pecham (Oxford, 1952), on these figures.
J. A. Weisheipl, ‘The Parisian Faculty of Arts in Mid-Thirteenth Century: 1240–1270’, American Benedictine Review, xxv (1974), 200–17, is a general account of developments in the curriculum and of the academic exercises.
Controversy and condemnation: F. van Steenberghen, Thomas Aquinas and Radical Aristotelianism (Washington, D.C., 1980).
E. P. Mahoney, ‘Sense, Intellect and Imagination in Albert, Thomas and Siger’, in Kretzmann et al., eds, Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, pp. 602–22, is recommended as a clear survey, which gives careful attention to the nuances in Siger’s position. J. F. Wippel, ‘The Condemnations of 1270 and 1277 at Paris’, Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, vii (1977), 169–201.
D. A. Callus, ‘The Condemnation of St Thomas at Oxford’ (The Aquinas Society of London, Aquinas Paper no. 5; London, 1955).
F. van Steenberghen, La Philosophie au XIIIe Siècle (Louvain; Paris, 1966), is an indispensable survey which provides extensive bibliography. His ‘L’Organisation des Etudes au Moyen Age et ses Répercussions sur le Mouvement Philosophique’, Revue Philosophique de Louvain, lii (1954), 572–92, is a useful statement on the programme of studies;
cf. P. Glorieux, ‘L’Enseignement au Moyen Age. Techniques et Méthodes en Usage à la Faculté de Théologie de Paris au XIIIe Siècle’, AHDLMA, xxxv (1968), 65–186.
On the 1210 condemnation there is a series of studies: G. Théry, Autour du Décret de 1210: I. David de Dinant (Bibliothèque Thomiste, vr; Paris, 1925), and Autour du Décret de 1210: II. Alexandre d’Aphrodise (Bibliothèque Thomiste, vii; Paris 1926);
G. C. Capelle, Autour du Décret de 1210: III. Amaury de Bène. Essai sur son Panthéisme Formel (Bibliothèque Thomiste, xvi; Paris, 1932).
K. Jacobi, Die Modalbegriffe in den logischen Schriften des Wilhelm von Shyreswood und in anderen Kompendien des 12 und 13,Jahrhunderts: Funktionbestimmung und Gebrauch in der logischen Analyse (Leiden, 1980), is for the specialist in this area.
A. Masnovo, Da Guglielmo d’Auvergne a San Tomaso d’Aquino 3 vols (Milan, 1930–45), provides useful coverage of a period which is rather neglected.
C. Ottaviano, Guglielmo d’Auxerre (t 1231). La Vita, le Opere, il Pensiero (Rome, [1929]).
M. Baumgartner, Die Erkenntnislehre des Wilhelm von Auvergne, (BGPMA, vol. ii, Part I; Münster, 1893).
A. Quentin, Naturkenntnisse und Naturanschauungen bei Wilhelm von Auvergne (Hildesheim, 1976).
A. Forest, ‘Guillaume d’Auvergne, Critique d’Aristote’, in Etudes Médiévales Offertes It M. le Doyen Augustin Fliche de l’Institut (Montpellier, 1952), pp. 67–79.
E. Gilson, ‘La Notion d’Existence chez Guillaume d’Auvergne’, AHDLMA, xv (1946), 55–91.
On the developing character of thought: R. de Vaux, Notes el Textes sur l’Avicennisme Latin aux Confins des XIIe et XIIIe Siècles (Bibliothèque Thomiste, xx; Paris, 1934);
E. Gilson, ‘Les Sources Gréco-Arabes de l’Augustinisme Avicennisant’, AHDLMA, iv (1929–30), 5–149;
E. Bertola, ‘E Esistito un Avicennismo Latino net Medioevo?’ Sophia, xxxv (1967), 318–34; xxxix (1971), 278–320;
R. de Vaux, ‘La Première Entrée d’Averroës chez les Latins’, Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Théologiques, xxii (1933), 193–245.
P. Glorieux, ‘Les Années 1242–1247 à la Faculté de Théologie de Paris’, Recherches de Théologie Ancienne et Médiévale, xxix (1962), 234–49.
F. Pelster, ‘Adam von Bocfeld (Bockingfold), ein Oxforder Erklärer des Aristoteles um die Mitte des xiis Jahrhunderts, sein Leben und seine Schriften’, Scholastik, xi (1936), 196–224.
O. Lottin, ‘La Pluralité des Formes Substantielles avant Saint Thomas d’Aquin. Quelques documents nouveaux’ Revue Néoscolastique de Philosophie, xxxiv (1932), 449–67.
F. van Steenberghen, ‘Albert le Grand et l’Aristotélisme’, Revue Internationale de Philosophie, xxxiv (1980), no. 133–134, 566–74, is a useful general statement.
B. Geyer, ‘Albertus Magnus und die Entwicklung der Scholastischen Metaphysik’, in P. Wilpert, ed., Die Metaphysik im Mittelalter (Miscellanea Mediaevalia, u; Berlin, 1963), pp. 3–13 (a conference paper from a useful collection).
G. Wieland, Untersuchungen zum Seinsbegrii f im Metaphysikkommentar Alberts des Grossen (BGPMA, Neue Folge, vol. vii; Münster, 1971), on Albert’s treatment of a central concept.
A. Zimmermann, ed., Albert der Grosse, seine Zeit, sein Werk, seine Wirkung (Miscellanea Mediaevalia, xiv; Berlin; New York, 1981), is a valuable collection treating Albert’s philosophical and scientific work and his influence.
H. Ostlender, ed., Studia Albertina. Festschrift far Bernhard Geyer (BGPMA, Supplementary vol. iv; Münster, 1952), is largely devoted to theological aspects of Albert’s work; among the aspects of philosophical interest covered, note A.J. Backes, ‘Der Geist als höherer Teil der Seele nach Albert dem Grossen’, pp. 52–667, J. Hansen, ‘Zur Frage der anfangslosen und zeitlichen Schöpfung bei Albert dem Grossen’, pp. 167–88; A. Hufnagel, ‘Das Person-Problem bei Albertus Magnus’, pp. 202–33 (on an aspect which was a topic also in the twelfth century).
F. Ruello, La Notion de Vérité chez Saint Albert le Grand et chez Thomas d’Aquin de 1243 à 1254 (Louvain; Paris, 1969), is a detailed and interesting study of this aspect in the early thought of both figures. See also, on another aspect
G. de Mattos, ‘L’Intellect Agent Personnel dans les Premiers Ecrits d’Albert le Grand et de Thomas d’Aquin’, Revue Néoscolastique de Philosophie, miii (1940), 145–61.
Controversy and condemnations: E.-H. Wéber, La Controverse de 1270 à l’Université de Paris et son Rétentissement sur la Pensée de S. Thomas d’Aquin (Paris, 1970), has been challenged by
B. Bazin, ‘La Dialogue Philosophique entre Siger de Brabant et Thomas d’Aquin. A propos d’un Ouvrage Récent de E. H. Wéber, O.P.’, Revue Philosophique de Louvain, lxxii (1974), 53–155. Wéber maintained his position in the course of his Dialogue et Dissensions entre Saint Bonaventure et Saint Thomas d’Aquin à Paris (1252–1273) (Paris, 1974), and in ‘Les Discussions de 1270 à l’Université de Paris et leur Influence sur la Pensée Philosophique de S. Thomas d’Aquin’, in A. Zimmermann, ed., Die Auseinandersetzungen an der Pariser Universität im XIII Jahrhundert (Miscellanea Mediaevalia, x; Berlin, 1976).
F. van Steenberghen, Maitre Siger de Brabant (Louvain; Paris, 1977), is now the standard account of this figure.
R. Hissette, Enquête sur les 219 Articles Condamnés à Paris le 7 mars 1277 (Louvain; Paris, 1977), is an indispensable and judicious analysis.
L. M. de Rijk, La Philosophie au Moyen Age (Leiden, 1985).
J. Marenbon, Later Medieval Philosophy (1150–1350). An Introduction (London, 1987).
M. T. Fumagalli, Beonio Brocchieri and M. Parodi, Storia della Filosofa Medievale da Boezio a Wyclif (Rome/Bari, 1989). Augustinus-Lexikon, ed. C. Mayer (Basel/Stuttgart, 1986—).
M. Brennan, Guide des Etudes Erigéniennes Bibliographie Commentée des Publications 1930–1987/A Guide to Eriugenian Studies: a Survey of Publications 1930–1987 (Fribourg/ Paris, 1989).
C. B. Schmitt and D. Knox, Pseudo-Aristoteles Latinus: a Guide to Latin Works Falsely Attributed to Aristotle before 1500 (London, 1985);
J. Kraye, W. F. Ryan and C. B. Schmitt, eds, Pseudo-Aristotle in the Middle Ages: the ‘Theology’ and other Texts (London, 1986).
C. H. Lohr, Commentateurs d’Aristote Médiéval Latin/Aristotle Commentators: A Bibliography of Recent Secondary Literature (Fribourg/Paris, 1988).
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E. W. Crosby, C. J. Bishko and R. L. Kellogg, Medieval Studies: a Bibliographical Guide (New York/London, 1983).
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L. D. Reynolds, ed., Texts and Transmission: a Survey of the Latin Classics (Oxford, 1983).
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M. Esposito (ed. M. Lapidge), Latin Learning in Mediaeval Ireland (London, 1988).
J. Chatillon, D’Isidore de Séville à Saint Thomas d’Aquin, Etudes d’Histoire et de Théologie (London, 1985).
J. Chatillon, Culture et Travail Intellectuel dans l’Occident Médiéval, eds G. Hasenohr and J. Longère (Paris, 1981).
J. Chatillon, Philosophie im Mittelalter. Entwicklungslinien und Paradigmen, eds J. P. Beckmann, L. Honnefelder, G. Schrimpf and G. Wieland (Hamburg, 1987).
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P. Duhem (tr. R. Ariew), Medieval Cosmology: Theories of Infinity, Place, Time, Void and the Plurality of Worlds (translation and abridgement of Le Système du Monde). D. Buschinger and A. Crépin, eds, Les Quatres Eléments dans la Culture Médiévale (Göppinger, 1983) (papers on various aspects of the elemental theory).
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E. Grant, ‘Medieval and Renaissance Scholastic Conceptions of the Influence of the Celestial Region on the Terrestrial’, Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, xvii (1987), 1–23.
R. Sorabji, Time, Creation and the Continuum Theories in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (London, 1983).
J. E. Murdoch, Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Album of Science, 3; New York, 1984), is devoted to scientific illustration.
E. Grant and J. E. Murdoch, eds, Mathematics and its Applications to Science and Natural Philosophy in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of Marshall Clagett (Cambridge, 1987), traces the impact of a technical subject on more general intellectual culture.
O. Langholm, Wealth and Money in the Aristotelian Tradition: A Study in Scholastic Economic Sources (Bergen, 1983).
J. Le Goff, Your Money or Your Life: Economy and Religion in the Middle Ages (New York, 1985).
W. Stürner, Peccatum und Potestas Der Sündenfall und die Entstehung der herrscherlichen Gewalt im mittelalterlichen Staatsdenken (Sigmaringen, 1987), traces the application to political thought of a theological premiss from the patristic period.
J. H. Burns, ed., The Cambridge History of Political Thought c.350 - c.1450 (Cambridge, 1988).
M. Mostert, The Political Theology of Abbo of Fleury (Hilversum, 1987).
A. Black, Guilds and Civil Society in European Political Thought from the Twelfth Century to the Present (London, 1984)
and S. Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe 900–1300 (Oxford, 1984) focus on the ideas implicit in collective organization.
J. R. Sweeney and S. Chodorow, eds (foreword by S. Kuttner), Popes, Teachers and Canon Law in the Middle Ages (Ithaca/London, 1989).
S. Kuttner, Gratian and the Schools of Law, 1140–1234 (London, 1983).
S. Kuttner and K. Pennington, eds, Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Medieval Canon Law (Vatican City, 1985), includes among its numerous studies important relevant contributions under the heading ‘Schools: Italy and France’.
A. Gouron, Etudes sur la Diffusion des Doctrines Juridiques Médiévales (London, 1987).
F. Elsener, Studien zur Rezeption des gelehrten Rechts: ausgewählte Aufsätze, ed. F. Ebel and D. Willoweit (Sigmaringen, 1989).
G. Verbeke, The Presence of Stoicism in Medieval Thought (Washington, 1983)
and M. L. Colish, The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages (2 vols; Leiden, 1985).
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C. J. de Vogel, ‘Platonism and Christianity: a Mere Antagonism or Profound Common Ground?’, Vigiliae Christianae, xxxix (1985), 1–62 (a discursive examination of the two outlooks, mainly but not exclusively in the early Christian period);
H. G. Senger, ‘Aristotelismus vs. Platonismus. Zur Konkurrenz von zwei Archetypen der Philosophie im Spätmittelalter’, in A. Zimmermann, ed., Aristotelisches Erbe im arabisch-lateinischen Mittelalter (Berlin/New York, 1986; Miscellanea Medievalia). La Notion de Liberté au Moyen Age: Islam. Byzance, Occident (Paris, 1985).
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J. J. E. Gracia, Introduction to the Problem of Individuation in the Early Middle Ages, (Munich/Vienna/Washington, D.C., 1984).
P. Allen, The Concept of Woman: the Aristotelian Revolution 750 BC–AD 1250 (Montreal/London, 1985)
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J. McEvoy, ‘Philia and Amicitia: the Philosophy of Friendship from Plato to Aquinas’. F. Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant and Order: An Excursion in the History of Ideas from Abelard to Leibniz (Ithaca/London, 1984), examines the concept of divine power, absolute and ordained, and see also on the theme
T. Rudaysky, ed., Divine Omniscience and Omnipotence in Medieval Philosophy: Islamic, Jewish and Christian Perspectives (Dordrecht/Boston/ Lancaster, 1985).
M. Masi, tr., Boethian Number Theory: A Translation of the ‘De Institutione Arithmetica’ (Amsterdam, 1983). Boethius’s ‘In Ciceronis Topica’, tr. E. Stump (New York/London, 1988).
Eriugena: G. H. Allard, comp., Johannis Scoti Eriugenae, Periphyseon: Indices Générales (Montreal/Paris, 1983);
G. H. Allard, Periphyseon, tr. I. P. Sheldon-Williams (revised by J. J. O’Meara) (Montreal/Paris, 1987);
E. Jeauneau, ed., Ambigua ad lohannem iuxta lohannis Scotti Eriugenae Latinam Interpretationem (Turnhout/Leuven, 1988).
Jonas of Orleans, The ‘De institutione regia’ A Ninth-century Political Tract, tr. R. W. Dyson (Smithtown, N. J., 1983).
Abbo of Fleury, Quaestiones Grammaticales, ed. and tr. A. Guerreau-Jalabert (Paris, 1982).
R. B. C. Huygens, ed., Beringerius Turonensis Rescriptum contra Lanfrannum (Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Medievalis, lxxxiv—lxxxivi; Turnhout, 1988).
J-C. Didier, ‘Hugues de Breteuil, Evêque de Langres († 1050), Lettre à Bérenger de Tours sur la Présence Réelle’, Recherches Augustiniennes, xvi (1981), 289–331.
J. Hopkins, ed. and tr., A New Interpretative Translation of St Anselm’s Monologion’ and ‘Proslogion’ (Minneapolis, 1986).
G. R. Evans, A Concordance of the Works of St Anselm (4 vols.; New York, 1984).
G. R. Evans and A. S. Abulafia, eds, The Works of Gilbert Crispin Abbot of Westminster (Oxford, 1986).
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J. Barrow, C. Burnett and D. Luscombe, ‘A Checklist of the Manuscripts Containing the Writings of Peter Abelard and Heloise and Other Works Closely Associated with Abelard and his School’, Revue d’Histoire des Textes, xiv—xv (1984–1985), 183–302.
S. Buzzetti, ed., Sententie Magistri Petri Abelard (Sententie Hermanni) (Florence, 1983).
E. R. Smits, ed., Peter Abelard Letters IX—XIV: An Edition with an Introduction (Groningen, 1983).
C. Burnett, ‘Peter Abelard Soliloquium. A Critical Edition’, Studi Medievali, 3rd ser., xxv (1984), 857–94.
C. Burnett, Petri Abaelardi Opera Theologica, vol. 3: Theologia Summi Boni’ Theologia ‘Scholarium’, eds E. M. Buytaert and C. J. Mews (Turnhout, 1987).
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J. Chatillon, ed., Trois Opuscules Spirituels de Richard de Saint-Victor (Paris, 1986).
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R. J. Long, ‘Alfred of Sareshel’s Commentary on the Pseudo-Aristotelian De Plantis. A Critical Edition’, MS, xlvii (1985), 125–67.
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F. M. Schroeder and R. B. Todd, ed. & tr., Two Greek Aristotelian Commentators on the Intellect: the ‘De intellectu’ attributed to Alexander of Aphrodisias and Themistius’ Paraphrase of Aristotle ‘De anima’ 3.4–8 (Medieval Sources in Translation; Toronto, 1990)
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Avicenna Latinus: Liber de Philosophia Prima sive Scientia Divina V-X, ed. S. van Riet (Introduction Doctrinale par G. Verbeke) (Louvain/Leiden, 1980);
Avicenna Latinus, Liber de Philosophia Prima sive Scientia Divina I-X Lexiques, by S. van Riet (Louvain-la-Neuve/Leiden, 1983);
Avicenna Latinus, Liber Tertius Naturalium De Generatione et Corruptione, ed. S. van Riet (Introduction Doctrinale par G. Verbeke) (Louvain-la-Neuve/Leiden, 1987);
Avicenna Latinus, Liber Quartus Naturalium De Actionibus et Passionibus Qualitatum Primarum, ed. S. van Riet (Introduction Doctrinale par G. Verbeke) (Leiden, 1989).
Avicenna Latinus, Averroes, Middle Commentaries on Aristotle’s ‘Categories’ and ‘De Interpretatione’, tr. C. E. Butterworth (Princeton, 1983). An important extract of the ‘Metaphysics’ is presented in A. Martin, tr., Averroes Grand Commentaire de la Métaphysique d’Aristote[…]Livre Lam-Lamda (Paris, 1984) and C. Genequand, Ibn Rushd’s Metaphysics: A Translation with Introduction of Ibn Rushd’s Commentary on Aristotle’s ‘Metaphysics’ Book Lam (2nd edn; Leiden, 1986). Alfred of Sareshel’s Commentary on the Metheora of Aristotle: Critical Edition, Introduction and Notes, ed. J. K. Otte (STGM, Band 19; Leiden, etc., 1988).
P. Lucentini, ed.,“Liber Alcidi De Immortalitate Animae”: Studio e Edizione Critica (Naples, 1984) (argues that this anonymous work which is difficult to date was written in twelfth-century Norman Italy).
Proclus, Commentaire sur le Parménide de Platon Traduction de Guillaume de Moerbeke, 1: Livres 1—IV and 2: Livres V-VII et Notes Marginales de Nicolas de Cues, ed. C. Steel (Louvain, 1982–4).
Constantine the African, Liber de Coitu El Tratado de Andrologia Estudio y Edician Critica, ed. and tr. (into Spanish), E. M. Cartelle (Santiago de Compostela, 1983).
Abraham ibn Daud, The Exalted Faith, tr. N. M. Samuelson (ed. G. Weiss) (London/ Toronto, 1986), on the theme of the congruence of Judaism and philosophy.
C. Lafleur, Quatre Introductions à la Philosophie au XIIIe Siècle: Textes Critiques et Etude Historique (Montreal/Paris, 1988).
F. Hudry, ed. and tr., Le Livre des XXIV Philosophes (Grenoble, 1989) (an anonymous treatise of the early thirteenth century, which had an important influence especially on the late medieval mystical tradition).
William of Auvergne, The Trinity or the First Principle, tr. R. J. Teske and F. C. Wade (Milwaukee, 1989).
William of Auvergne, Philippi Cancellarii Parisiensis Summa de Bono, ed. N. Wicki (2 vols; Berne, 1985).
William of Auvergne, Guillelmus de Morbecca, Proclus: Elementatio Theologica, ed. H. Boese (Louvain, 1987).
Roger Bacon, Compendium of the Study of Theology Edition and Translation with Introduction and Notes, ed. T. S. Maloney (STGM, Band 20; Leiden etc., 1988).
Roger Bacon, Alberti Magni Opera, tom. IV, vol. i: Physica Libri 1–4, ed. P. Hossfeld (Münster, 1987).
J. J. Scanlan, tr., Albert the Great. Man and the Beasts. De Animalibus (Books 22–26) (Binghampton, 1987). The Leonine edition of Aquinas’ works is extended with Quaestiones Disputatae de Malo (Rome/Paris, 1982), Sentencia Libri de Anima (Rome/Paris, 1984) and Sentencia Libri de Sensu et Sensato cuius secundus tractatus est De Memorieret Reminiscentia (Paris, 1985 ).
S. Tugwell, ed. and tr., Albert and Thomas: Selected Writings (New York/Mahwah, N. J., 1988), presents writings bearing on the spirituality of these figures.
R. A. Gauthier, ed., Anonymi Magistri Artium (c. 1245–1250) Lectura in Librum de Anima a Quodam Discipulo Reportata (Ms. Roma Nat. V. E. 828) (Grottaferrata, 1985), presents an outstanding text for the history both of teaching in the arts faculty and of the reception of Aristotle, confirming earlier observations on the theological perspective adopted in the first phase.
L. M. de Rijk, Some Earlier Parisian Tracts on the Distinctiones Sophismatum (Nijmegen, 1988), edits representatives of teaching in the thirteenth century.
T. S. Maloney, tr., Three Treatments of Universals by Roger Bacon (Binghampton, N.Y., 1989).
On topics of most philosophical concern in Kilwardby’s Sentence commentary: Robert Kilwardby, Quaestiones in librum primum Sententiarum ed. J. Schneider (Munich, 1986);
Robert Kilwardby, Quaestiones in librum tertium Sententiarum, 2: Tugendlehre ed. G. Leibold (Munich, 1985). On other sources of his thought:
Robert Kilwardby, On Time and Imagination: ‘De tempore’ De spiritu fantastico’, ed. P. O. Lewry (Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi; Oxford, 1987);
Robert Kilwardby, De Natura Relationis and In Donati Artem Maiorem III, ed. L. Schmücker (Brixen, 1984).
Iohannes Pecham, Quodlibeta quatuor: Quodlibeta I—III, ed. G. J. Etzkorn; Quodlibeta IV (Romanum), ed. F. Delormé (rev. G. J. Etzkorn) (Grottaferrata, 1989).
The text of Siger de Brabant, Quaestiones in Metaphysicam is reviewed by W. Dunphy and A. Maurer from the Munich and Cambridge manuscripts (Philosophes Médiévaux, 24–5; Louvain-la-Neuve, 1981–3). Boethii Daci Quaestiones super IVm Meteorologicorum, ed. G. Fioravanti (Copenhagen, 1979);
Boethius of Dacia, On the Supreme Good, On the Eternity of the World, On Dreams, tr. J. F. Wippel (Toronto, 1987).
Guilelmus de la Mare, Scriptum in Primum Librum Sententiarum, ed. H. Kraml (Munich, 1989).
A. J. Celano, ‘Peter of Auvergne’s Questions on Books I and II of the Ethica Nicomachea. A Study and Critical Edition’, MS, xlviii (1986), 1–110. The Corpus Philosophorum Teutonicorum Medii Aevi is publishing the important work, De summo bono, of Albert’s pupil, Ulrich von Strassburg, of which have appeared to date Liber 2, Tractatus i-4, ed. A. de Libera (Hamburg, 1987), Liber 4, Tractatus 1–2.7, ed. S. Pieperhoff (Hamburg, 1987).
R. C. Dales and O. Argerami, eds, Medieval Latin Texts on the Eternity of the World (Leiden, 1991).
The argument of R. A. Gauthier, in ‘Notes sur les débuts (1225–1240) du premier “averroisme”’, RSPT, lxvi (1982), 321–74, and ‘Le traité De Anima et De Potenciis Eius d’un Maître ès Arts (vers 1225)’, RSPT, lxvi (1982), 3–56, has been endorsed and advanced by the dating proposed by N. Wicki for the Summa de Bono of Philip the Chancellor (see under 1.2, ‘Sources’, above), with the result that the terminus of 1230, long established for the first influence of Averroism at Paris, has now to be shifted back significantly.
J. Rohls, Wilhelm von Auvergne und der mittelalterliche Aristotelismus (Munich, 1980).
L. Hödl, ‘Das “intelligibile” in der scholastischen Erkenntnislehre des XIII. Jahrhunderts’, Freiburger Zeitschrift fir Philosophie und Theologie, xxx (1983), 345–72.
J. G. Bougerol, ‘La Glose sur les Sentences du Manuscrit Vat. Lat. 691’, Antonianum, lv (1980), 108–73, throws interesting light on the Franciscan studium at ‘Paris in the period 1236–1245’.
R. W. Southern, Robert Grosseteste. The Growth of an English Mind in Medieval Europe (Oxford, 1986), a powerfully argued reinterpretation of Grosseteste’s intellectual development.
P. Raedts, Richard Rufus of Cornwall and the Tradition of Oxford Theology (Oxford, 1987), studies the first Franciscan theologian at Oxford whose works have survived. On the whole period, see also Catto, Early Oxford Schools [under 3.4, above].
M. Huber-Legnani, Roger Bacon Lehrer der Anschaulichkeit. Der franziskanische Gedanke und die Philosophie des Einzelnen (Freiburg i. B., 1984).
F. Alessio, Introduzione a Roggero Bacone (Rome, 1985).
D. C. Lindberg, ‘Roger Bacon and the Origins of Perspectiva in the West’, in E. Grant and J. E. Murdoch, eds, Mathematics and its Applications to Science and Natural Philosophy in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1987).
Lindberg, ‘Science as Handmaiden. Roger Bacon and the Patristic Tradition’, Isis, lxxviii (1987), 518–36.
J. Brams and W. Vanhamel, eds, Guillaume de Moerbeke. Recueil d’Etudes à l’Occasion du 700e Anniversaire de sa Mort (1286) (Louvain, 1989), has among the contributions of most general interest:
G. Verbeke, ‘Moerbeke, traducteur et interprète; un texte et une pensée’, A. P. Bagliani, ‘Guillaume de Moerbeke et la cour pontificale’; C. Steel, ‘Guillaume de Moerbeke et saint Thomas’. See also, R. Wielockx, ‘Guillaume de Moerbeke réviseur de sa révision du De Anima’, RTAM, liv (1987), 113–85. Asztalos, ed., The Editing of Theological and Philosophical Texts [see 3.2.2, above], contains a number of studies of general interest to the historian of thought in the period: J. Hamesse, ‘“Reportatio” et Transmission de Textes’; N. Wicki, ‘La Pecia dans la Tradition Manuscrite de la Summa de Bono de Philippe le Chancelier’; A. de Libera, ‘La Littérature des Sophismata dans la Tradition Terministe Parisienne de la Seconde Moitié du XIIIe Siècle’.
R. Sorabji, ed., Aristotle Transformed: the Ancient Commentators and their Influence (Ithaca, 1990).
G. Meyer and A. Zimmermann, eds, Albertus Magnus Doctor Universalis 1280/1980 (Mainz, 1980) contains important essays on the context and character of Albert’s thought.
I. Craemer-Ruegenberg, Albertus Magnus (Munich, 1980).
A. de Libera, Albert le Grand et la Philosophie (Paris, 1990).
P. Hossfeld, ‘Die eigenen Beobachtungen des Albertus Magnus’, Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum, liii (1983), 147–74.
P. Hossfeld, ‘Die Physik des Albertus Magnus (Teil I, die Bücher 1–4), Quellen und Charakter’, Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum, lv (1985), 49–65.
Hossfeld, ‘Albertus Magnus über die Ewigkeit aus philosophischer Sicht’, Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum, lvi (1986), 31–48.
R. Wisser, ‘Albertus Magnus, ein Mensch auf dem Weg durch die Wirklichkeit’, Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte, xxxviii (1986), 311–44.
(R. Imbach and C. Flüeler, eds, ‘Albert der Grose und die deutsche Dominkanerschule. Philosophische Perspektiven’, Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie, Band 32 (1985), Heft. 1/2), is mainly devoted to Albert’s influence but note as bearing directly on his thought: B. Mojsisch, ‘Grundlinien der Philosophie Alberts des Grossen’ (pp. 27–44) and C. Wagner, ‘Alberts Naturphilosophie im Licht der neueren Forschung (1979–1983)’ (pp.65–104); and on Albert’s pupil, Ulrich of Strassburg: A. de Libera, ‘Ulrich de Strasbourg, lecteur d’Albert le Grand’ (pp. 105–36).
See also, A. de Libera, ‘Philosophie et Théologie chez Albert le Grand et dans l’Ecole Dominicaine Allemande’, in A. Zimmermann and G. Vuillemin-Diem, eds, Die Kölner Universität im Mittelalter, geistige Wurzeln und soziale Wirklichkeit (Miscellanea Mediaevalia, 20; Berlin, 1989).
A. Fries, ‘Zur Problematik der Summa Theologiae unter dem Namen des Albertus Magnus’, Franziskanische Studien, lxx (1988), 68–91
and Fries, ‘Zum Verhältnis des Albertus Magnus zur Summa Theologiae unter seinem Namen’, Franziskanische Studien, lxxi (1989), 123–37.
R. Wielockx, ‘Zur Summa Theologiae des Albertus Magnus’, Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses, lxvi (1990), 78–110.
R. Link-Salinger, et al., eds, A Straight Path: Studies in Medieval Philosophy and Culture. Essays in Honour of Arthur Hyman (Washington, D. C., 1988), has important contributions on the period; see especially, D. B. Burrell, ‘Aquinas’s Debt to Maimonides’; M. T. Clark, ‘Willing Freely According to Thomas Aquinas’; J. Hackett, Averroes and Roger Bacon on the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy’; A. L. Ivry, ‘.Averroes and the West: the First Encounter/Non-encounter’; B. S. Kogan, ‘The Problem of Creation in Late Medieval Jewish Philosophy’; J. F. Wippel, ‘Thomas Aquinas and the Axiom “What is Received is Received according to the Mode of the Receiver”’.
F. Corvino, Bonaventura da Bagnoregio Francescano e Pensatore (Bari, 1980).
V. Ch. Bigi, Studi sul Pensiero di S. Bonaventura (Assisi, 1988).
L. J. Bowman, ‘What Kind ofJourney is Bonaventura’s Itinerarium?’ in Bowman, ed., Itinerarium (see Chapter 2:1 above). R. Russo, La Metodologia del Sapere net Sermone di S. Bonaventura ‘Unus est magister nester Christus’ (Rome 1982), considers the epistemology, as does
T. Overton, ‘Saint Bonaventure’s Illumination Theory of Knowledge. The Reconciliation of Aristotle, Pseudo-Dionysius and Augustine’, Miscellanea Franciscana, lxxxviii (1988), 108–21.
A. Di Maio, ‘La Dottrina Bonaventuriana della Natura’, Miscellanea Francescana, lxxxix (1989), 335–92.
A. Speer, ‘Metaphysica reducens. Metaphysik als erste Wissenschaft im Verständnis Bonaventuras’, RTAM, lvii (1990), 142–82, contributes, through consideration of a particular point, to the continuing revision of his significance.
A. Speer, Triplex Veritas. Wahrheitsverständnis und philosophische Denkform Bonaventuras (Werl/ Westfalen, 1987).
L. P. Gerson, ed., Graceful Reason: Essays in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy Presented to Joseph Owens, CSSR (Toronto, 1983), includes most pertinently: L. Sweeney, ‘Are Plotinus and Albertus Magnus Neoplatonists?’; C. J. de Vogel, ‘Deus Creator Omnium: Plato and Aristotle in Aquinas’ Doctrine of God’; J. A. Weisheipl, The Date and Context of Aquinas’ ‘De aeternitate mundi’ (which places that treatise slightly later than was previously thought); J. F. Wippel, ‘Quidditative Knowledge of God According to Thomas Aquinas’; W. Dunphy, ‘Maimonides and Aquinas on Creation: a Critique of their Historians’; F. van Steenberghen, ‘Thomas d’Aquin et Siger de Brabant en quête d’arguments pour le monothéisme’.
M. F. Johnson, ‘“Alia lectura fratris thome”: A List of the New Texts of St Thomas Aquinas Found in Lincoln College Oxford, Ms. Lat. 95’, RTAM, lvii (1990), 34–61, surveys the question of Thomas’ second (Roman) Commentary on Book I of the Sentences (cf. L. E. Boyle, in MS, xlv (1983), 418–29 ).
R. Hissette, ‘Albert le Grand et Thomas d’Aquin dans la Censure Parisienne du 7 mars 1277’, in A. Zimmermann, ed., Studien zur mittelalterlichen Geistesgeschichte und ihren Quellen (Miscellanea Mediaevalia, 15; Berlin/New York, 1982).
J. F. Wippel, Metaphysical Themes in Thomas Aquinas (Washington, D.C., 1984) (collected studies on specialist topics).
R. Padellaro De Angelis, L’Influenza del Pensiero Neoplatonico nulla Metafisica di S. Tommaso d’Aquino (Rome, 1981).
A. Zimmermann and C. Kopp, Thomas von Aquin. Werk und Wirkung im Licht neuerer Forschungen (Berlin/New York, 1988).
R. Schenck, ‘Perplexus supposito quodam. Notizien zu einem vergessenen Schlüsselbegriff thomanischer Gewissenslehre’, RTAM, lvii (1990), 62–95.
W. Kühn, Das Prinzipienproblem in der Philosophie des Thomas von Aquin (Amsterdam, 1982).
U. Eco, (tr. H. Bredin), The Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas (Cambridge, Mass., 1988).
Y. Congar, Thomas d’Aquin, Sa Vision de la Théologie et de l’Eglise (London, 1984; collected essays).
L. Elders, Autour de S. Thomas d’Aquin. Recueil d’Etudes sur sa Pensée Philosophique et Théoligique (2 vols; Paris, 1987).
W. J. Hankey, God in Himself. Aquinas’ Doctrine of God as Expounded in the ‘Summa Theologiae’ (Oxford, 1987).
C. Hughes, On a Complex Theory of a Simple God. An Investigation in Aquinas’ Philosophical Theology (Ithaca/London, 1989).
D. J. Merriell, To the Image of the Trinity A Study in the Development of Aquinas’ Teaching (Toronto, 1990).
W. Schmidl, Homo Discens. Studien zur pädagogischen Anthropologie bei Thomas von Aquin (Vienna, 1987), on an aspect of wide epistemological and psychological interest.
J. Aertsen, Nature and Creature. Thomas Aquinas’s Way of Thought (STGM, Band 21; Leiden etc., 1988). La Philosophie de la Nature de S. Thomas d’Aquin (Studi tomistici, 18; Vatican City, 1982) (conference proceedings).
R. A. Gauthier, ‘Notes sur Siger de Brabant. I. Siger en 1265’, RSPT, lxvii (1983), 201–32
and Gauthier, ‘Note sur Siger de Brabant (fin). II. Siger en 1272–1275. Aubry de Reims et la Scission des Normands’, RSPT, lxviii (1984), 3–49, offer interesting sidelights on Siger’s development and the university context.
R. C. Dales, ‘The Origin of the Doctrine of the Double Truth’, Viator, xv (1984), 169–79.
A. Maurer, ‘Siger of Brabant and Theology’, MS, 1 (1988), 257–78.
T. P. Bukowski, ‘Siger of Brabant vs. Thomas Aquinas on Theology’, The New Scholasticism, ixi (1987), 25–32.
C. J. Ryan, ‘Man’s Free Will in the Works of Siger of Brabant’, MS xlv (1983), 155–99.
A. Caparello, La Perspectiva’ in Sigieri di Brabante (Vatican City, 1987; Studi Tomistici, 31).
A. J. Celano, ‘Boethius of Dacia On the Highest Good’, Traditio, xliii (1987),199–214, offers a detailed reading.
G. Wieland, Ethica-scientia practica Die Anfänge der philosophischen Ethik im 13. Jahrhundert (Münster W., 1981), on a topic which was both central and sensitive; on a specific phase
see also H. Borok, Der Tugendbegriff des Wilhelm von Auvergne (1180–1249). Eine moralhistorische Untersuchung zur ideengeschichtlichen Rezeption der aristotelischen Ethik (Düsseldorf, 1979).
L. Bianchi, L’Errore di Aristotele La Polemica contro l’Eternità del Mondo net XIII Secolo (Florence, 1984) considers an important topic of controversy, as does
R. C. Dales, Medieval Discussions of the Eternity of the World (Leiden, 1990).
See also, specifically, C. Stroick, ‘Die Ewigkeit der Welt in den Aristoteleskommentaren des Thomas von Aquin’, RTAM, li (1984), 43–68.
E. Grant, ‘Issues in Natural Philosophy at Paris in the Late Thirteenth Century’, Medievalia et Humanistica, n.s. xiii (1985), 75–94.
R. Hissette, ‘Trois Articles de la Seconde Rédaction du Correctorium de Guillaume de la Mare’, RTAM, li (1984), 230–41.
L. Lunetta, ‘La Pluralità delle Forme net Correctorium Fratris Thomae di Guglielmo de la Mare’, SM, 3rd ser, xxviii (1987), 729–49.
A. Maurer, Being and Knowing: Studies in Thomas Aquinas and Later Medieval Philosophers (Toronto, 1990).
D. Burr, Eucharistic Presence and Conversion in Late Thirteenth-century Franciscan Thought (Philadelphia, 1984).
S. P. Marrone, Truth and Scientific Knowledge in the Thought of Henry of Ghent (Cambridge, 1985), complements the same author’s work on epistemology in the earlier part of the century.
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Haren, M. (1992). Aristotelian Philosophy and Christian Theology — System Building and Controversy. In: Medieval Thought. New Studies in Medieval History. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22403-6_7
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