Abstract
The empirical analysis of welfare policy, as argued in Part I, needs to be informed by competing theoretical interpretations of the nature of both the welfare state and policymaking. It also needs to be placed in historical context. It is all too tempting to consider the overall development of policy — or to judge the relative success or failure of an individual policy — in isolation and according to some internal logic. Indeed a belief in incrementalism encourages this. However, it must be recognised that welfare policy was subject to external forces to which successive governments, distracted by other problems, responded within the constraints of what was deemed to be administratively and politically possible. The purpose of this chapter is to identify these various constraints and influences. What, in particular, was the economic context in which welfare policy developed and to what demographic pressures was it subject? Who held political power and how did this affect the priority accorded to welfare policy? How did the machinery of government, at central and local levels, adapt to the more positive welfare role which the state had assumed? How receptive was public opinion, as represented by vested interests and the electorate, to the duties as well as the rights imposed by state welfare?
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Further Reading
There are innumerable books on individual aspects of postwar Britain, but few good comprehensive histories. The most recent and the best is K. O. Morgan, The People’s Peace: British History 1945–1989 (Oxford, 1990), to be supplemented on points of detail by
C. J. Bartlett, A History of Postwar Britain (1977). Two particularly good sets of essays for the periods 1945–51 and 1951–64, respectively, are
M. Sissons and P. French (eds), Age of Austerity (1963) and
V. Bogdanor and R. Skidelsky (eds), The Age of Affluence (1970).
On the economy there are three introductory books whose particular strengths are, respectively, clarity of analysis, a comprehensive bibliography and a wealth of detailed information: J. F. Wright, Britain in the Age of Economic Management (1979),
B. W. E. Alford, British Economic Performance, 1945–1975 (1988) and
S. Pollard, The Development of the British Economy 1914–1980 (1983). On demography the dominant books are
A. H. Halsey (ed.), British Social Trends since 1900 (1988) and
J. F. Ermisch, The Political Economy of Demographic Change (1983), although neither concentrates exclusively on the 1945–75 period. Of the many political histories, the most lively is arguably
P. Hennessy and A. Seldon (eds), Ruling Performance (Oxford, 1987) which has detailed chronologies and bibliographies for each postwar government. The range of oral testimony and academic debate on which its essays are based, and which is ever expanding, can be savoured in the journal of the Institute of Contemporary British History, Contemporary Record.
P. Hennessy has also written the most authoritative introduction to the civil service, Whitehall (1989). A succinct historical introduction to local government is A. Alexander, The Politics of Local Government in the United Kingdom (1982), whilst
M. Loughlin et al. (eds), Half a Century of Municipal Decline (1985) provides a more analytical and pessimistic view. K. Middlemas has produced the boldest, but not always an accurate and clear, summary of the views of the ‘governing institutions’ in Power, Competition and the State (3 volumes, 1986 and 1990).
M. Shanks, The Stagnant Society (1961) and
C. Booker, The Neophiliacs (1969) are stimulating contemporary accounts of the 1950s and 1960s, which can be put into context by
P. Lewis, The Fifties (1978) and, more generally, by
A. Marwick, British Society since 1945 (Harmondsworth, 1984). A. Sinfield provides a modern overview in Literature, Politics and Culture in Postwar Britain (1989).
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© 1993 Rodney Lowe
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Lowe, R. (1993). The Historical Context. In: The Welfare State in Britain since 1945. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22549-1_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22549-1_4
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