Abstract
Although the German army under the command of von Paulus did not surrender at Stalingrad until January 1943, the year 1942 had seen the first major defeats of the Axis forces on three fronts: Midway, El Alamein, and the cutting off of von Paulus’s army. The decisive year of the war, however, was 1943. The turning points were the success of Britain and the USA in the battle of the Atlantic in May and June, and the defeat of the German army at Kursk by the Soviet Union in July.
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Notes
The British seem to have been more purist than the USA about not talking to the Germans. Churchill banned all embassies in neutral countries from contact with the enemy, but the German diplomat Rheinhard Spitzy talked to the American representative, Allen Dulles, at Berne in the spring of 1944. See Reinhard Spitzy, How We Squandered the Reich (1997).
See Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms (1994), p. 610.
Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (1995), p. 32.
J. Costello and T. Hughes, Battle of the Atlantic (1977), p. 304.
R. A. C. Parker, Struggle for Survival (1989), p. 112.
Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin (1993), p. 860.
Alan Clark, Barbarossa. The Russian-German Conflict (1965), p. 312.
David French, ‘Warfare and National Defence’, in A Companion to Modern European History 1871–1945 (1997), p. 269.
See Richard B. Frank, Guadalcanal (1990) for an account of the battle and an assessment of its significance.
Mountbatten remains a highly controversial figure. See Phillip Zeigler’s Mountbatten (1985);
and Andrew Robert’s attack on his reputation, ‘Lord Mountbatten and the Perils of Adrenalin’, in Eminent Churchillians (1994).
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© 1999 A.W. Purdue
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Purdue, A.W. (1999). Roads to Victory 1943–44. In: The Second World War. European History in Perspective. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27435-2_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27435-2_6
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