Abstract
The characteristics of warlordism were demonstrated in the Rwandan Second Republic (1973–94) following the outbreak of civil war in 1990. Rapid, externally-sponsored militarization of an already authoritarian state (built on sectarianism, discrimination and enforced exiling or elimination of its opponents) acted as a catalyst for the hardening of the regime, and the state-sponsored emergence of extremist militias and assassination squads.
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Notes
See notably C. Newbury, The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda (1860–1960) (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988).
G. Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (London: Hurst, 1995), p. 39.
Tom Young, ‘Explaining the War in Mazambique’, in Paul B. Rich and Richard Stubbs (eds), The Counter-Insurgent State (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996), pp. 120–47.
See Human Rights Watch Arms Project, Rwanda/Zaire: Rearming with Impunity: International Support for the Perpetrators of the Rwandan Genocide (New York: May 1995).
R. Wadlow, ‘African States: Security and Conflict Resolution’, Geneve-Afrique, vol. 19, no. 2 (1991), p. 96.
Jean-Pierre Chretien (ed.), Rwanda: Les Medias du genocide (Paris: Karthala, 1995). See also Linda Kirschke, Article 19, Broadcasting Genocide: Censorship, Propaganda and State-Sponsored Violence in Rwanda 1990–1994 (London: Article 19, October 1996).
C. Clapham, Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival (Cambridge, 1996), p. 156.
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© 1999 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited
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McNulty, M. (1999). The Militarization of Ethnicity and the Emergence of Warlordism in Rwanda, 1990–94. In: Rich, P.B. (eds) Warlords in International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27688-2_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27688-2_5
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
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