Abstract
Records date back to 9 BC, when the Romans subdued the Celts to establish Pannonia. From the 5th century both Romans and Celts retreated before attacks from the Huns who were followed by the Avars in the 7th century and the Magyars in the 9th. It was then that the name On ogur (‘ten arrows’) was adopted for the country that was to become Hungary. The founding date of Hungary is put at 896 after which Árpád, leader of one of the Magyar tribes, forged a dynasty which ruled Hungary until 1301. Forays into Italy, Germany, the Balkans and Spain ended after the Magyars were defeated by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I at the battle of Lechfeld in 955, and the Ostmark (Austria) was returned to Germanic control.
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Further Reading
Bozóki, A., et al., (eds.) Post-Communist Transition: Emerging Pluralism in Hungary. London, 1992
Burawoy, M. and Lukács, J., The Radiant Past: Ideology and Reality in Hungary’s Road to Capitalism. Chicago Univ. Press, 1992
Cox, T. and Furlong, A. (eds.) Hungary: the Politics of Transition. London, 1995
Geró, A., Modern Hungarian Society in the Making: the Unfinished Experience; translated from Hungarian. Budapest, 1995
Kontler, László, A History of Hungary. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2002
Mitchell, K. D. (ed.) Political Pluralism in Hungary and Poland: Perspectives on the Reforms. New York, 1992
Molnár, Miklós, A Concise History of Hungary. CUP, 2001
Rose-Ackerman, Susan, From Elections to Democracy: Building Accountable Government in Hungary and Poland. CUP, 2007
Schiemann, John W., The Politics of Pact-Making: Hungary’s Negotiated Transition to Democracy in Comparative Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2005
Szekely, I. P., Hungary: an Economy in Transition. CUP, 1993
Turner, Barry, (ed.) Central Europe Profiled. Macmillan, London, 2000
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Turner, B. (2010). Hungary. In: Turner, B. (eds) The Statesman’s Yearbook. The Statesman’s Yearbook. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-58635-6_182
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-58635-6_182
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