Abstract
Substance abuse is the hazardous, excessive, compulsive, or addictive use of psychoactive drugs. The most commonly abused drugs are alcohol, narcotics and other central nervous system depressants, (cocaine and other central nervous system stimulants, cannabinoids, and hallucinogens). Among an educated workforce that may be considered generally representative of an insured population, 13% drink 3 or more alcoholic drinks daily, 42% use prescription mood-altering drugs (including antidepressants) on a regular basis, and 11% report having used illicit drugs within the past year.1 In every instance, a sizeable subset of users engages in substance abuse.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Matano RA et al. Prevalence of alcohol and drug use in a highly educated workforce. J Behav Health Serv Res 2002; 29: 30–44.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. Research 89: Biological Vulnerability to Drug Abuse. Website: http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugPages/Stats.html
Pettinati HM et al. The natural history of outpatient alcohol and drug abuse treatment in a private healthcare setting. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20: 847–52.
Lewis CE et al. Predictors of mortality in alcoholic men: a 20 year follow-up study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19: 984–91.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM IV-TR (Text Revision). American Psychiatric Association. Copyright 2000: 191–296.
Khantzian EJ, McKenna GJ. Acute toxic and withdrawal reactions associated with drug use and abuse. Ann Intern Med 1979; 90: 361–72.
Gawin FH, Ellinwood EH Jr. Cocaine and other stimulants. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1173–82.
Marzuk PN et al. Fatal injuries after cocaine use as a leading cause of death among young adults in New York City. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1753–7.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost-United States, 2001. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004; 53: 866–70.
Grant BF et al. Prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence. NIAA Epidemiologic Bulletin No 35. 1994; 18: 243–8.
Jain MG et al. Alcohol and breast cancer mortality in a cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 64: 201–9.
Thun MJ et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly USA adults. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1705–14.
Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. Alcohol and mortality. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 646–54.
McLeod JD. Spouse concordance of alcohol dependence and heavy drinking: evidence from a community sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17: 1146–55.
Martin CS et al. Polydrug use in an in-patient treatment sample of problem drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20: 413–17.
Cherpitel CJ. Alcohol, injury and risk-taking behavior: data from a national sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17: 762–6.
Lieber CS. Medical disorders of alcoholism. N Engl J Med 1995; 33: 1058–65.
Sher KJ et al. A prospective, high-risk study of the relationship between tobacco dependence and alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20: 485–92.
Rehm J, Greenfield TK, Rogers JD. Average volume of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking, and all-cause mortality: results from the USA National Alcohol Survey. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153: 64–71.
Dawson DA. Alcohol consumption, alcohol dependence, and all-cause mortality. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24: 72–81.
Neumark YD, Van Etten ML, Anthony JC. ‘Alcohol dependence’ and death: survival analysis of the Baltimore ECA sample from 1981 to 1995. Subst Use Misuse 2000; 35: 533–49.
Titcomb C et al. Alcohol abuse and liver enzymes (AALE): results of an intercompany study of mortality. J Insur Med 2001; 33: 277–89.
Naimi TS et al. Binge drinking among U.S. adults. JAMA 2003; 289: 70–75.
Sigal SH, Lieber CS. Treating severe alcohol liver diseases. Part 1: Fatty liver, hepatitis and fibrosis. J Crit Illness 1996; 11: 36–52.
Jensen MK et al. A prospective study of the association between smoking and later alcohol drinking in the general population. Addiction 2003; 98: 355–63.
Liu S et al. Prevalence of alcohol-impaired driving. Results from a national self-reported survey of health behaviors. JAMA 1997; 277: 122–5.
Wetterling T et al. Comparison of cage and mast with the alcohol markers CDT, gamma-GT, ALAT, ASAT and MCV. Alcohol 1998; 33: 424–30.
Brathen G et al. Validity of carbohydrate deficient transferrin and other markers as diagnostic aids in the detection of alcohol related seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68: 342–8.
Schwan R et al. Multicenter validation study of the %CDT TIA kit in alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004; 28: 1331–7.
Fleming M, Mundt M. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: validity of a new alcohol biomarker in a sample of patients with diabetes and hypertension. J Am Board Fam Pract 2004; 17: 247–55.
Hazelett SE et al. Evaluation of acetaldehyde-modified hemoglobin and other markers of chronic heavy alcohol use: effects of gender and hemoglobin concentration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998; 22: 1813–9.
Sobell LC, Cunningham JA, Sobell MB. Recovery from alcohol problems with and without treatment: prevalence in two population surveys. Am J Public Health 1996; 86: 966–72.
Vaillant GE. A long-term follow-up of male alcohol abuse. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53: 243–9.
Bullock KD, Reed RJ, Grant I. Reduced mortality in alcoholics who achieve long-term abstinence. JAMA 1992; 267: 668–72.
Hurt RD et al. Mortality following inpatient addictions treatment. JAMA 1996; 275: 1097–103.
Liskow BI et al. Mortality in male alcoholics after ten to fourteen years. J Stud Alcohol 2000; 61: 853–61.
Ross HE. Alcohol and drug abuse in treated alcoholics: a comparison of men and women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1989; 13: 810–16.
United States department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2001. Website: http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/drugfact/nhsda01.html.
Engstrom A et al. Mortality in patients with substance abuse: a follow-up in Stockholm County, 1973–1984. Int J Addict 1991; 26: 91–106.
Gossop M et al. A prospective study of mortality among drug misusers during a 4-year period after seeking treatment. Addiction 2002; 97: 39–47.
Woods JH, Katz JL, Winger G. Use and abuse of benzodiazepines. JAMA 1988; 260: 3476–80.
Oster G et al. Benzodiazepine tranquilizers and the risk of accidental injury. Am J Public Health 1990; 80: 1467–76.
Poser W et al. Mortality in patients with dependence on prescription drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend 1992; 30: 49–57.
CDC. Increasing morbidity and mortality associated with abuse of methamphetamines — United States, 1991–1994. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1995; 44: 882–6.
Mendelson JH, Mello NK Management of cocaine abuse and dependence. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 965–71.
Qureshi AJ et al. Cocaine use and the likelihood of nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation 2001; 103: 502–6.
Marzuk PM et al. Fatal injuries after cocaine use as a leading cause of death among young adults in New York City. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 1753–7.
Simpson DD, Joe GW, Broome KM. A national 5-year follow-up of treatment outcomes for cocaine dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 538–44.
Brookoff D et al. Testing reckless drivers for cocaine and marijuana. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 518–22.
Baberg HT, Nelsen RA, Drinsdale JE. Amphetamine use: return of an old scourge in a consultation psychiatry setting. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 789–93.
British Lung Foundation Report, 2002. A smoking gun? Website: http://www.britishlungfoundation.org/special-reports.asp
Zhang ZF et al. Marijuana use and increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8: 1071–8
Swift W, Hall W, Teesson M. Cannabis use and dependence among Australian adults: results from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Addiction 2001; 96: 737–48.
Andreasson S, Allebeck P. Cannabis and mortality among young men: a longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Scand J Soc Med 1990; 18: 9–15.
Sydney S et al. Marijuana use and mortality. Am J Pub Health 1997; 87: 585–90.
Singer LT et al. Psychosocial profiles of older adolescent MDMA users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 74: 245–52.
Urhausen A, Albers T, Kindermann W. Are the cardiac effects of anabolic steroid abuse in strength athletes reversible? Heart 2004; 90: 496–501.
Hartgens F, Kuipers H. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Med 2004; 34: 513–54.
Mokdad AH et al. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA 2004; 291: 1238–45.
Peto R et al. Mortality from smoking worldwide. Br Med Bull 1996; 52: 12–21.
Center for Disease Control. Cigarette-smoking-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost — United States, 1990. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993; 42: 6445–9.
United States department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2001. Website: http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/drugfact/nhsda01.html
Schroeder SA. Tobacco control in the wake of the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:293–301.
Living in Britain: The 2002 General Household Survey; cigarette smoking 1972–1990. Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys. Website: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.aspPvlnk =5756
United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, 1979. Website: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/R/N/_/nnbbrn.pdf
Cowell MJ, Hirst BL. Mortality differences between smokers and nonsmokers. Trans Soc Act 1980; 32: 185.
Rogot E. Smoking and life expectancy among U.S. veterans. Am J Public Health 1978; 68: 1023–5.
Doll R et al. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 1994;309:901–11.
Thun MJ et al. Excess mortality among cigarette smokers: Changes in a 20–year interval. Am J Pub Health 1995;85:1223–30.
Doll R et al. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ 2004; 328: 1519.
Society of Actuaries. 1995–2000 Individual Life Experience Report. Website: http://www.soa.org/ccm/content/research-publications/experience-studies-tools/1995–2000–individual-life-experience-report/
Report of the Task Force on Smoker/Nonsmoker Mortality. 1982 reports, Soc Act 1983; 343–90.
Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. Alcohol and mortality. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 646–54.
Harris JE et al. Cigarette tar yields in relation to mortality from lung cancer in the cancer prevention study II prospective cohort, 1982–8. BMJ 2004; 328: 72.
Becona E, Vazquez FL. The course of relapse across 36 months for smokers from a smoking-cessation program. Psychol Rep. 1998; 82: 143–6.
Krall EA, Garvey AJ, Garcia RI. Smoking relapse after 2 years of abstinence: findings from the VA Normative Aging Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2002; 4: 95–100.
Iribarren C et al. Effect of cigar smoking on the risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer in men. N Eng J Med 1999; 340: 1773–80.
Spellman R, Mocarski J. Cigar Study Evaluation October 2001. On The Risk 2002; 18: 30–5.
Higgins IT, Mahan CM, Wynder EL. Lung cancer among pipe and cigar smokers. Prev Med 1988; 17(1): 116–28.
Sterling TD et al. Analysis of the relationship between smokeless tobacco and cancer based on data from the national mortality followback survey. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45(3): 223–31.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2006 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Watson, R.W. (2006). Substance Abuse. In: Brackenridge, R.D.C., Croxson, R.S., MacKenzie, R. (eds) Brackenridge’s Medical Selection of Life Risks. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-72324-9_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-72324-9_31
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-72326-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-72324-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave History Collection