abstract
In this review we discuss most widely used experimental methods of the membrane stretch which are used for investigation of mechanosensitive channels (MSCs) by patch-clamp. We have tried to discuss possible mistakes in interpreting the data received by various methods of MSCs investigation. In the conditions of single channel recording we briefly analyse positive and negative pressure as mechanical stimulation and demonstrate that MSC respond only to membrane tension. After gigaseal forming suction there appears resting patch for the reason of the patch adhesion to the glass and this creates a resting tension. It is shown that some channels can be active at zero pressure because the seal adhesion energy produces tension. Such a situation can be considered as pre-stretch. Related to this we discuss research showing that stretch-inactivated channels (SICs) do not imply the existence of a new type of channel, but inactivation of channel activity in response to suction can be explained by the activity of pre-stressing of stretch-activated channels (SACs). We also criticize the presence of pressure activated channels (PACs). According to the Laplace’s equation, positive or negative pressures should make equal contributions to the stress. In the conditions of whole cell recording we discuss the known methods of a cell direct mechanical stretching. That is homogeneous stretching of single cells with the use of two patch pipettes, three types of axial stretch - by two glass capillaries, by glass stylus and by two thin carbon fibres. We briefly discuss the merits and imperfections of cell swelling. We analyse the possibilities of paramagnetic microbead method that allows the application of controlled forces to the membrane at which those mechanical forces are transmitted by integrins. We discuss the possibilities of cell compression. Obviously the stresses are very complicated in compression and no one knows how to analyze the data in a mechanistic manner. We discuss the study of bacterial mechanosensitive channels. We discuss the limitation of the research using protein purification and functional reconstitution in planar lipid bilayers or in vesicles. Also, rarely used methods are presented. In this review we discuss most widely used experimental methods of the membrane stretch, which are used for investigation of mechanosensitive channels (MSCs) by means of patch-clamp method. We address possible mistakes in interpreting the data, obtained by means of various methods of MSCs investigation. Under conditions of single channel recording we briefly analyse positive and negative pressure in terms of mechanical stimulation and demonstrate that MSC respond only to membrane tension. Resting tension of the membrane is created after suction, which is applied for the purpose of gigaseal formation. It is shown that some channels can be active at zero pressure because the seal adhesion energy produces tension. Such situation can be considered as pre-stretch. In this respect we discuss reports, showing that stretch-inactivated channels (SICs) do not imply the existence of a new type of channels, when inactivation of channel activity in response to suction can be explained by the activity of pre-stressing of stretch-activated channels (SACs). We discuss the controversy about the presence of pressure activated channels (PACs). According to the Laplace’s equation, positive or negative pressures should make equal contributions to the stress. We also discuss reported methods of direct mechanical stretching of cells during whole cell recording. Discussion covers method of homogeneous stretching of a single cell by means of two patch pipettes and three types of axial stretch - by two glass capillaries, by glass stylus and by two thin carbon fibres. We briefly discuss the merits and imperfections of cell swelling. We analyse the possibilities of paramagnetic microbead method that allows the application of controlled forces to the membrane, at the level of which those mechanical forces are transmitted by integrins. We discuss possible methods of cell compression. Obviously distribution of forces is very complicated during compression and no one knows how to analyze the data in a mechanistic manner. We discuss the study of bacterial mechanosensitive channels. We discuss the limitation of the research using protein purification and functional reconstitution in planar lipid bilayers and in vesicles. Also, rarely used methods are presented
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akinlaja J and Sachs F (1998) The breakdown of cell membranes by electrical and mechanical stress Biophys J 75: 247–254.
Allen DG, Kurihara S (1982) The effects of muscle length on intracellular calcium transients in mammalian cardiac muscle. J Physiol (Lond) 327:79–94.
Andersen OS, Nielsen C, Maer AM, Lundbaek JA, Goulian M, Koeppe RE 2nd. (1999) Ion channels as tools to monitor lipid bilayer-membrane protein interactions: gramicidin channels as molecular force transducers. Methods Enzymol 294:208–224.
Awayda MS, Ismailov II, Berdiev BK, Benos DJ (1995) A cloned renal epithelial Na+ channel protein displays stretch activation in planar lipid bilayers. Am J Physiol 268(6 Pt 1): C1450–C1459.
Baumgarten CM (2005) Cell volume-sensitive ion channels and transporters in cardiac myocytes. In Cardiac Mechano-Electrical Feedback and Arrhythmias: From Pipette to Patient, eds. Kohl P, Franz MR, Sachs F, Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 21–32.
Baumgarten CM, Browe DM, Ren Z (2005) Swelling- and Stretch-Activated Chloride Channels in the Heart: Regulation and Function. In: Kamkin A and Kiseleva I (ed) Mechanosensitivity in Cells and Tissues. Academia Publishing House Ltd, Moscow, 2005: pp. 79–102.
Baumgarten CM, Clemo HF (2003) Swelling-activated chloride channels in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 82:25–42
Baumgarten CM, Feher JJ (2001) Osmosis and the regulation of cell volume. In Cell Physiology Source Book: A Molecular Approach, ed. Sperelakis N, Academic Press, New York, 319–355.
Belus A, White E (2003) Streptomycin and intracellular calcium modulate the response of single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes to axial stretch. J Physiol (Lond) 546:501–509.
Berrier C, Besnard M, Ajouz B, Coulombe A, Ghazi A (1996) Multiple mechanosensitive ion channels from E. coli, activated at different thresholds of applied pressure. J Membr Biol 151:175–187.
Berrier C, Coulombe A, Houssin C, Ghazi A (1989) A patch-clamp study of inner and outer membranes and of contact zones of E. coli, fused into giant liposomes. Pressure activated channels are localized in the inner membrane. FEBS Letters 259:27–32.
Besch SR, Suchyna T, Sachs F (2002) High-speed pressure clamp. Pflügers Arch - Eur J Physiol 445(1):161–166.
Bett GCL and Sachs F (2000) Whole-cell mechanosensitive currents in rat ventricular myocytes activated by direct stimulation. J Membrane Biol 173: 255–263.
Biggin PC and Sansom MSP (2001) Channel gating, Twist to open. Curr.Biol 11: R364–R366.
Betanzos M, Chiang C-S, Guy HR, Sukharev S (2002) A large iris-like expansion of a mechanosensitive channel protein induced by membrane tension. Nat Struct Biol 9: 704–710.
Blinks JR (1990) Use of photoproteins as intracellular calcium indicators. Environ Health Perspect 84:75–81.
Boitano S, Sanderson MJ, Dirksen ER (1994) A role for Ca2+-conducting ion channels in mechanically induced signal transduction of airway epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 107: 3037–3044.
Bowman CL and Lohr JW (1996) Mechanotransducing ion channels in C6 glioma cells. Glia 18(3):161–176.
Bowman CL, Ding JP, Sachs F, Sokabe M. (1992) Mechanotransducing ion channels in astrocytes. Brain Res 584(1–2):272–286.
Browe DM and Baumgarten CM (2003) Stretch of UPbeta1 integrin activates an outwardly rectifying chloride current via FAK and Src in rabbit ventricular myocytes. J Gen Physiol 122: 689–702.
Calaghan SC, White E (1999) The role of calcium in the response of cardiac muscle to stretch. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 71:59–90.
Charles AC, Merrill JE, Dirksen ER, Sanderson MJ (1991) Intercellular signaling in glial cells: calcium waves and oscillations in response to mechanical stimulation and glutamate. Neuron 6(6):983–992.
Chaudhuri O, Parekh SH, Fletcher DA (2007) Reversible stress softening of actin networks. Nature 445(7125):295–298.
Colombo G, Marrink SJ, Mark AE (2003) Simulation of MscL gating in a bilayer under stress. Biophys J 84: 2331–2337.
Cui C, Smith DO, Adler J (1995) Characterization of mechanosensitive channels in Escherichia coli cytoplasmic membrane by wholecell patch-clamp recording. J Membr Biol 144: 31–42.
Dai J and Sheetz MP (1995) Regulation of endocytosis, exocytosis, and shape by membrane tension. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 60: 567–571.
Dai J and Sheetz MP (1999) Membrane tether formation from blebbing cells. Biophys J 77: 3363–3370
Davis MJ, Donovitz JA, Hood JD (1992) Stretch-activated single-channel and whole cell currents in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 262:C1083–C1088.
Delcour, A.H., Martinac, B., Adler, J. and Kung, C. (1989) Modified reconstitution method used in patch-clamp studies of Escherichia coli ion channels. Biophys. J. 56: 631–635.
Diamond SL, Sachs F, Sigurdson WJ (1994) The mechanically induced calcium mobilization in cultured endothelial cells is dependent on actin and phopholipase. Arterioscler Thromb 14:2000–2009.
Discher DE and Mohandas N (1996) Kinematics of red cell aspiration by fluorescence-imaged microdeformation. Biophys J 71:1680–1694.
Discher DE, Mohandas N, Evans EA (1994) Molecular maps of red cell deformation: hidden elasticity and “it situ” connectivity. Science 266:1032–1035.
Elliott JR, Needham D, Dilger JP, Haydon DA (1983) The effects of bilayer thickness and tension on gramicidin single-channel lifetime. Biochim Biophys Acta 735:95–103.
Fabiato A (1981) Myoplasmic free calcium concentration reached during the twich of an intact isolated cardiac cell and during calcium-induced release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a skinned cardiac cell from the adult rat or rabbit ventricle. J Gen Physiol 78: 457–497.
Franco-Obregón A and Lansman JB (1994). Mechanosensitive ion channels in skeletal muscle from normal and dystrophic mice. J Physiol (Lond) 481, 299–309.
Franco-Obregón A and Lansman JB (2002) Changes in mechanosensitive channel gating following mechanical stimulation in skeletal muscle myotubes from the mdx mouse. J Physiol (Lond) 539.2, 391–407.
Gannier F, White E, Garnier D, Le Guennec JY (1996) A possible mechanism for large stretch-induced increase in [Ca2+]_i in isolated guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Cardiovasc Res 32:158–167.
Glogauer G and Ferrier J (1998) A new method for application of force to cells via ferric oxide beads. Pflügers Arch - Eur J Physiol 435: 320–327.
Glogauer M, Ferrier J, McCulloch CAG (1995) Magnetic fields applied to collagen-coated ferric oxide beads induce stretch-activated Ca2+ flux in fibroblasts. Am J Physiol 269: C1093–C1104.
Goulian M, Mesquita ON, Fygenson DK, Nielsen C, Andersen OS, Libchaber A (1998) Gramicidin channel kinetics under tension. Biophys J 74(1):328–37.
Gruen DW and Wolfe J (1982) Lateral tensions and pressures in membranes and lipid monolayers. Biochim Biophys Acta 688: 572–580.
Guharay F and Sachs F (1984) Stretch-activated single ion channel currents in tissue cultured embryonic chick skeletal muscle. J Physiol (Lond) 352:685–701.
Guharay F and Sachs F (1985) Mechanotransducer ion channels in chick skeletal muscle: The effects of extracellular pH. J Physiol (Lond) 363: 119–134.
Gullingsrud J and Schulten K (2003) Gating of MscL studied by steered molecular dynamics. Biophys. J. 85, 2087–2099.
Gullingsrud J, Kosztin D, Schulten K (2001) Structural determinants of MscL gating studied by molecular dynamics simulations. Biophys J 80: 2074–2081.
Gustin MC, Sachs F, Sigurdson W, Ruknudin A, Bowman C, Morris CE, Horn R (1991) Single-channel mechanosensitive currents. Science 253: 800.
Gustin MC, Zhou XL, Martinac B, Kung C (1988) A mechanosensitive ion channel in the yeast plasma membrane. Science 242: 762–765.
Hamill OP (2006) Twenty odd years of stretch-sensitive channels Pflügers Arch - Eur J Physiol 453: 333–351.
Hamill OP and Martinac B (2001) Molecular basis of mechanotransduction in living cells. Physiol Revs 81:685–740.
Hamill OP and McBride DW Jr (1997) Induced membrane hypo/hyper-mechanosensitivity: a limitation of patch-clamp recording. Annu Rev Physiol 59: 621–631.
Hart FX (2006) Integrins may serve as mechanical transducers for low-frequency electric fields. Bioelectromagnetics 27(6):505–508.
Häse CC, Le Dain AC and Martinac B (1995). Purification and functional reconstitution of the recombinant large mechanosensitive ion channel (MscL) of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 270: 18329–18334.
Hongo K, White E, Le Guennec JY, Orchard CH (1996) Changes in [Ca2+]_i, [Na+]_i and Ca2+ current in isolated rat ventricular myocytes following an increase in cell length. J Physiol (Lond) 491:609–619.
Honoré E, Patel AJ, Chemin J, Suchyna T, Sachs F (2006) Desensitization of mechano-gated K2P channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(18):6859–6864.
Hörber JKH, Mosbacher J, Häbele W, Ruppersberg JP, Sakmann B (1995) A look at membrane patches with scanning force microscope. Biophys J 68:1687–1693.
Hoyer J, Distler A, Haase W, Gogelein H (1994) Ca2+ influx through stretch-activated cation channel activates maxi K+ channels in porcine endocardial endothelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:2367–2371.
Hoyer J, Köhler R, Distler A (1997) Mechanosensitive cation channels in aortic endothelium of normotensive and hypertensive rats. Hypertension 30:112–119.
Hu H and Sachs F (1994) Effects of mechanical stimulation on embryonic chick heart cells. Biophys J 66:A170.
Hu H and Sachs F (1995) Whole cell mechanosensitive currents in acutely isolated chick heart cells: correlation with mechanosensitive channels. Biophys J 68: A393.
Hu H and Sachs F (1996) Mechanically activated currents in chick heart cells. J Membr Biol 154: 205–216.
Husse B, Sopart A, Isenberg G (2003) Cyclical mechanical stretch induced apoptosis in myocytes from young rats but necrosis in myocytes form old rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285:H1521–H1527.
Hwang TC, Koeppe RE 2nd, Andersen OS (2003) Genistein can modulate channel function by a phosphorylation-independent mechanism: importance of hydrophobic mismatch and bilayer mechanics. Biochemistry 42(46):13646–13658.
Isenberg G, Kazanski V, Kondratev D, Gallitelli MF, Kiseleva I, Kamkin A (2003) Differential effects of stretch and compression on membrane currents and [Na+]_C in ventricular myocytes. Progr Biophys Mol Biol 82:43–56
Isenberg G, Kondratev D, Dyachenko V, Kazanski V, Gallitelli MF (2005) Isolated cardiomyocytes: Mechanosensitivity of action potential, membrane current and ion concentration. In: Kamkin A and Kiseleva I (ed) Mechanosensitivity in Cells and Tissues. Academia Publishing House Ltd, Moscow, 2005: pp. 126–164.
Ismailov II, Awayda MS, Berdiev BK, Bubien JK, Lucas JE, Fuller CM, Benos DJ (1996a) Triple-barrel organization of ENaC, a cloned epithelial Na+ channel. J Biol Chem 271(2): 807–816.
Ismailov II, Awayda MS, Jovov B, Berdiev BK, Fuller CM, Dedman JR, Kaetzel M, Benos DJ (1996b) Regulation of epithelial sodium channels by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. J Biol Chem 271(9):4725–32.
Ismailov II, Berdiev BK, Bradford AL, Awayda MS, Fuller CM, Benos DJ (1996c) Associated proteins and renal epithelial Na+ channel function. J Membr Biol 149(2):123–132.
Kamkin A, Kiseleva I, Isenberg G (2000) Stretch-activated currents in ventricular myocytes: amplitude and arrhythmogenic effects increase with hypertrophy . Cardiovasc Res 48: 409–420.
Kamkin A, Kiseleva I, Yarigin V (2003) Mechanoelectrical feedback in the heart. Monograph. Naturmort Publishing House. Moscow. 352 pp. (Russian).
Kamkin A, Kiseleva I, Isenberg G (2003a) Activation and inactivation of a non-selective cation conductance by local mechanical deformation of acutely isolated cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiovasc Res 57: 793–803.
Kamkin A, Kiseleva I, Isenberg G, Wagner KD, Günther J, Theres H, Scholz H (2003b) Cardiac fbroblasts and the mechano-electric feedback mechanism in healthy and diseased hearts. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 82: 111–120.
Kamkin A, Kiseleva I, Isenberg G (2003c) Ion selectivity of stretch-activated cation currents in mouse ventricular myocytes. Pflügers Arch - Europ J Physiol 446(2): 220–231.
Kamkin A, Kiseleva I, Lozinsky I, Wagner KD, Isenberg G, Scholz H (2005a) The role of mechanosensitive fibroblasts in the heart. In: Kamkin A and Kiseleva I (ed) Mechanosensitivity in Cells and Tissues. Academia Publishing House Ltd, Moscow, 2005: pp. 203–229.
Kamkin A, Kiseleva I, Wagner KD, Scholz H (2005b) Mechano-electric feedback in the heart: Evidence from intracellular microelectrode recordings on multicellular preparations and single cells from healthy and diseased tissue. In: Kamkin A and Kiseleva I (ed) Mechanosensitivity in Cells and Tissues. Academia Publishing House Ltd, Moscow, 2005: pp. 165–202.
Kawahara K (1993) Stretch-activated channels in renal tubule. Nippon Rinsho 51: 2201–2208.
Marchenko SM and Sage SO (1996) Mechanosensitive ion channels from endothelium of excised rat aorta. Biophys J 70: A365.
Kloda A and Martinac B (2001a) Molecular Identification of a Mechanosensitive Channel in Archaea. Biophys J 80:229–240.
Kloda A and Martinac B (2001b). Structural and functional similarities and differences between MscMJLR and MscMJ, two homologous MS channels of M. jannashii. EMBO J 20: 1888–1896.
Kloda A and Martinac B (2001c) Mechanosensitive channel in Thermoplasma a cell wall-less Archaea: cloning and molecular characterization. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 34: 321–347.
Köhler R, Distler A, Hoyer J (1998) Pressure-activated cation channel in intact rat endocardial endothelium. Cardiovasc Res 38: 433–440
Köhler R, Grundig A, Brakemeier S, Rothermund L, Distler A, Kreutz R, Hoyer J (2001a) Regulation of pressure-activated channel in intact vascular endothelium of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertension 14:716–721.
Köhler R, Kreutz R, Grundig A, Rothermund L, Yagli C, Yagli Y, Pries AR, Hoyer J (2001b) Impaired function of endothelial pressure-activated cation channel in salt-sensitive genetic hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 12: 1624–1629.
Komuro I, Kaida T, Shibazaki Y etal. (1990) Stretching cardiac myocytes stimulates protooncogene expression. J Biol Chem 265, No.7: 3595–3598.
Kung C (2005) A possible unifying principle for mechanosensation. Nature 436:647–654.
Laitko U and Morris CE (2004) Membrane tension accelerates rate-limiting voltage-dependent ativation and slow inactivation steps in a Shaker channel. J Gen Physiol 123: 135–154.
Lansman JB, Hallam TJ, Rink TJ (1987) Single stretch-activated ion channels in vascular endothelial cells as mechanotransducers. Nature 325:811–813
Le Guennec J-Y, White E, Gannier F, Argibay JA, Garnier D (1991) Stretch-induced increase of resting intracellular calcium concentration in single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Exp Physiol 76:975–978.
Lillemeier BF, Pfeiffer JR, Surviladze Z, Wilson BS, Davis MM (2006) Plasma membrane-associated proteins are clustered into islands attached to the cytoskeleton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(50):18992–18997.
Lundbaek JA and Andersen OS (1999) Spring constants for channel-induced lipid bilayer deformations. Estimates using gramicidin channels. Biophys J 76(2):889–895.
Markin VS and Sachs F (2004a) Thermodynamics of mechanosensitivity: lipid shape, membrane deformation and anesthesia. Biophysical J 86, 370A.
Markin VS and Sachs F (2004b) Thermodynamics of mechanosensitivity. Phys Biol 1:110–124.
Markin VS, Shlenskii VG, Saimon SA, Benos DD, Ismailov II (2006) Mechanosensitivity of gramicidin A channels in semispherical bilayer membranes at constant tension. Biofizika 51(6):1014–1018 (Russian).
Maroto R, Raso A, Wood TG, Kurosky A, Martinac B, Hamill OP (2005) TRPC1 forms the stretch-activated cation channel in vertebrate cells. Nature Cell Biol 7:1443–1446.
Martinac B (2001) Mechanosensitive channels in prokaryotes. Cell Physiol Biochem 11:61–76.
Martinac B (2004) Mechanosensitive ion channels: molecules of mechanotransduction. J Cell Sci 117:2449–2460.
Martinac B and Hamill OP (2002) Gramicidin A channels switch between stretch activation and stretch inactivation depending on bilayer thickness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:4308–4312.
Martinac B and Kloda A (2003) Evolutionary origins of mechanosensitive ion channels. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 82:11–24.
Martinac B, Adler J and Kung C (1990) Mechanosensitive ion channels of E. coli activated by amphipaths. Nature 348: 261–263.
Martinac B, Buechner M, Delcour AH, Adler J, Kung C (1987) Pressure-sensitive ion channel in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:2297–2301
Mazzag BM, Tamaresis JS, Barakat AI (2003) A model for shear stress sensing and transmission in vascular endothelial cells. Biophys J 84:4087–4101.
McBride DW Jr, Hamill OP (1992) Pressure-clamp: a method for rapid step perturbation of mechanosensitive channels. Pflügers Arch - Eur J Physiol 421:606–612.
McBride DW Jr, Hamill OP (1993) Pressure-clamp technique for measurement of the relaxation kinetics of mechanosensitive channels. Trends Neurosci 16:341–345.
Mizuno D, Tardin C, Schmidt CF, Mackintosh FC (2007) Nonequilibrium mechanics of active cytoskeletal networks. Science 315(5810):370–373.
Morris CE (1990) Mechanosensitive ion channels. J Membr Biol 113:93–107.
Morris CE (1992) Are stretch-sensitive channels in molluscan cells and elsewhere physiological mechanotransdueers? Experientia 48: 852–858.
Morris CE and Homann U (2001) Cell surface area regulation and membrane tension. J Membr Biol 179(2):79–102.
Niisato N, Ito Y, Marunaka Y (1999) Activation of Cl- channel and Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter in renal epithelial A6 cells by flavonoids: genistein, daidzein, and apigenin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 254:368–371.
Opsahl LR and Webb WW (1994) Lipid-glass adhesion in giga-sealed patch clamped membranes. Biophys J 66:75–79.
Perozo E and Rees DC (2003) Structure and mechanism in prokaryotic mecahnosensitive channels. Curr Opin Struct Biol 13: 432–442.
Perozo E, Cortes DM, Sompornpisut P, Kloda A and Martinac B (2002a) Structure of MscL in the open state and the molecular mechanism of gating in mechanosensitive channels. Nature 418: 942–948.
Perozo E, Kloda A, Cortes DM and Martinac B (2002b) Physical principles underlying the transduction of bilayer deformation forces during mechanosensitive channel gating. Nat Struct Biol 9: 696–703.
Petroff MGV, Kim SH, Pepe S etal. (2001) Endogenous nitric oxide mechanisms mediate the stretch dependence of Ca2+ release in cardiomyocytes. Nat Cell Biol 3:867–873.
Petrov E and Martinac B. (2007) Modulation of channel activity and gadolinium block of MscL by static magnetic fields. Eur Biophys J 36(2):95–105.
Ring A (1992) Monitoring the surface tension of lipid membranes by a bubble method. Pflü gers Arch - Eur J Physiol 420: 264–268.
Ring A and Sandblom J (1988) Evaluation of surface tension and ion occupancy effects on gramicidin A channel lifetime. Biophys J 53: 541–548.
Ruknudin A, Song MJ, Sachs F (1991) The ultrastructure of patch-clamped membranes: a study using high voltage electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 112:125–134.
Sachs F and Morris CE (1998) Mechanosensitive ion channels in nonspecialized cells Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 132: 1–77.
Sachs F (1988) Mechanical transduction in biological systems. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 16(2):141–169.
Sackin H (1995) Mechanosensitive channels Annu Rev Physiol 57:333–353.
Saeki Y, Kurihara S, Hongo K, Tanaka E (1993) Tension and intracellular calcium transients of activated ferret ventricular muscle in response to step length changes. Adv Exp Med Biol 332:639–648.
Saimi Y, Martinac B, Delcour AH, Minorsky PV, Gustin MC, Culbertson MR, AdierJ, Kung C (1993) Patch clamp studies of microbial ion channels. Methods Enzymol 207: 681–691
Saimi Y, Martinac B, Gustin M, Culbertson MR, Adler J, Kung C (1988) Ion channels in Paramecium, yeast and Escherichia coli. Trends Biochem Sci 13(8):304–309.
Sakmann B and Neher E (1983) Geometric Parameters of Pipettes and Membrane Patches. In: Single-Channels Recording. Plenum Press, New York. A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y.10013. 700 pp.637–650.
Sasaki N, Mitsuiye T, Noma A (1992) Effects of mechanical stretch on membrane currents of single ventricular myocytes of guinea-pig heart. Jpn.J.Physiol 42:957–970.
Sharma RV, Chapleau MW, Hajduczok G, Wachtel RE, Waite LJ, Bhalla RC, Abboud FM (1995) Mechanical stimulation increases intracellular calcium concentration in nodose sensory neurons. Neurosci 66: 433–441.
Sigurdson W, Ruknudin A, Sachs F (1992) Calcium imaging of mechanically induced fluxes in tissue-cultured chik heart: role of stretch-activated ion channels. Am J Physiol 262: H1110–H1115.
Sigurdson WJ, Sachs F, Diamond SL (1993) Mechanical perturbation of cultured human endothelial cells causes rapid increases of intracellular calcium. Am J Physiol 264: H1745–H1752.
Sokabe M and Sachs F (1990). The structure and dynamics of patch clamped membrane, a study using differential interference contrast microscopy. J Cell Biol 111, 599–606.
Sokabe M, Nunogaki K, Naruse K, Soga H (1993) Mechanics of patch clamped and intact cell-membranes in relation to SA channel activation. Jpn J Physiol 43:S197–S204.
Sokabe M, Sachs F, Jing Z (1991) Quantitative video microscopy of patch clamped membranes, stress, strain, capacitance and stretch channel activation. Biophys J 59, 722–728.
Sollott SJ, Lakatta EG (1994) Novel method to alter length and load in isolated mammalian cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 267:H1619–H1629.
Suchyna TM and Sachs F (2007) Mechanosensitive channel properties and membrane mechanics in mouse dystrophic myotubes. J Physiol (Lond) (in press).
Suchyna TM, Tape SE, Koeppe RE, Andersen OS, Sachs F, Gottlieb PA (2004) Bilayer-dependent inhibition of mechanosensitive channels by neuroactive peptide enantiomers. Nature 430: 235–240.
Sukahrev SI, Martinac B, Arshavsky VY, Kung C (1993) Two types of mechanosensitive channels in the E. coli cell envelope: Solubilization and functional reconstitution. Biophys J 65:177–183.
Sukharev S (2002) Purification of the small mechanosensitive channel in Escherichia coli (MscS): the subunit structure, conduction and gating characteristics. Biophys J 83:290–298.
Sukharev S, Betanzos M, Chiang CS, Guy HR (2001) The gating mechanism of the large mechanosensitive channel MscL. Nature 409: 720–724.
Sukharev SI, Blount P, Martinac B, Blattner FR and Kung C (1994) A large mechanosensitive channel in E. coli encoded by mscL alone. Nature 368: 265–268.
Wang N, Butler JP, Ingber DE (1993) Mechanotransduction across the cell surface and through the cytoskeleton. Science. 260: 1124–1127.
Wellner MC and Isenberg G (1993) Properties of stretch activated channels in myocytes from the guinea-pig urinary bladder. J Physiol (London) 466:412–425.
Wellner MC and Isenberg G (1994) Stretch effects on whole-cell currents of guinea-pig urinary bladder myocytes J Physiol (London) 480.3: 439–448.
Wellner MC and Isenberg G (1995) cAMP accelerates the decay of stretch-activated inward currents in guinea-pig urinary bladder myocytes. J Physiol (London) 482:141–156.
White E, Boyett MR, Orchard CH (1995) The effects of mechanical loading and changes of length on single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. J Physiol (Lond ) 482:93–107.
White E, Le Guennec IY, Nigretto JM, Gannier F, Argibay JA, Gamier D (1993) The effects of increasing cell length on auxotonic contractions: membrane potential and intracellular calcium transients in single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Exp Physiol 78: 65–78.
Wiggins P and Phillips R (2004) Analytic models for mechanotransduction: gating a mechanosensitive channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(12):4071–4076.
Wiggins P and Phillips R (2005) Membrane-protein interactions in mechanosensitive channels. Biophys J 88: 880–902.
Xia SL, Ferrier J (1995) A calcium signal induced by mechanical pertubation of osteoclasts. JCellular Physiol 167: 148–155
Zeng T, Bett GCL, Sachs F (2000) Stretch-activated whole cell currents in adult rat cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol 278: H548–H557.
Zhang Y and Hamill OP (2000) On the discrepancy between membrane patch and whole cell mechanosensitivity in Xenopus oocytes. J Physiol (Lond) 523.1:101–115.
Zhang Y, Gao F, Popov V,Wan J, Hamill OP (2000) Mechanically-gated channel activity in cytoskeleton deficient blebs and vesicles from Xenopus oocytes. J Physiol (Lond) 523.1: 117–129.
Zhou XL, Stumpf MA, Hoch HC, Kung C (1991) A mechanosensitive channel in whole cells and in membrane patches of the fungus Uromyces. Science 253: 1415–1417.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kamkin, A., Kiseleva, I., Lozinsky, I. (2008). Experimental Methods of Studying Mechanosensitive Channels and Possible Errors in Data Interpretation. In: Kamkin, A., Kiseleva, I. (eds) Mechanosensitive Ion Channels. Mechanosensitivity in Cells and Tissues, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6426-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6426-5_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-6425-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-6426-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)