The Chapters 6, 7, 8, and 9 deal with the human observer. In Chapter 6, the physical and anatomical aspects of vision are discussed, more in particular the structure of the nervous system. This chapter concentrates on the visual performance aspects, and in Chapter 8 the visual perception. Colour vision is discussed in Chapter 9.
Chapter 7 deals with the different functions of the human visual system, concentrating on the image-forming aspects of the activities of the visual sense. A central issue is the duplicity theorem, stating that the main optical elements are the cones and the rods, each having their own characteristics. The cones are mainly active in daytime, allowing for photopic vision, and the rods, being active in dim conditions, for scotopic vision. The spectral sensitivity curves for photopic, mesopic, and scotopic vision are discussed in relation to human and visual performance. The primary visual functions are discussed, viz. the adaptation, the contrast sensitivity, and the visual acuity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adrian, W. (1961). Der Einfluss störender Lichter auf die extrafoveale Wahrnehmung des menschligen Auges (The influence of disturbing light sources on the extrafoveal observation of the human eye). Lichttechnik. 13 (1961) 450-454; 508-511; 558-562.
Adrian, W. (1969). Die Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit des Auges und die Möglichkeit ihrer Berechnung (The contrast sensitivity of the eye and the possibilities for its calculation). Lichttechnik. 21(1969) no. 1, p. 2A-7A.
Adrian, W. (1982). Investigations on the required luminance in tunnel entrances. Lighting Res. Technol. 14 (1982) 151.
Adrian, W. (1989). A method for the design of tunnel entrance lighting. University of Waterloo, School of Optometry. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Adrian, W. (1993). The physiological basis of the visibility concept. In: ‘Visibility and luminance in roadway lighting’. LRI, p. 17-30.
Adrian, W. (1995). The visibility concept and its metric. In: Anon.
Adrian, W. (1998). The influence of spectral power distribution for equal visual performance in roadway lighting levels. In LRI.
Akashi, Y.; Morante, P. & Rea, M.S. (2005). An energy-efficient street lighting demonstration based upon the unified system of photometry. p. 38-43. In: CIE.
Alferdinck, J.W.A.M. (2000). Colour contrast in tunnels. Report No. TM-00-C009. Soesterberg, TNO/TM.
Anon. (1972). Abstract Guide XXth International Congress of Psychology, 13-18 Aug. 1972. Tokyo, Science council of Japan.
Anon. (1987). Jaarverslag 1986 (Annual report 1986). p. 6. Schiedam, Bewonersvereniging Schiedam-Zuid.
Anon. (1995). PAL: Progress in automobile lighting. Technical University Darmstadt, September 26/27. Darmstadt, Technical University.
Anon. (1995a). Symposium Openbare Verlichting, 22 februari 1995 (Symposium Public Lighting, 22 February 1995). Utrecht.
Anon. (2007). Ricco’s Law. Internet, Wikipedia, 8 May 2007.
Anon. (2007a). What is ergonomics? International Ergonomic Association IEA Website. Internet, 9 May 2007.
Asmussen, E. (1972). Transportation research in general and travellers decision making in particular as a tool for transportation management. In: OECD (1972).
Augustin, A. (2007). Augenheilkunde. 3., komplett überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage (Ophthalmology. 3rd completely revised and extended edition). Berlin, Springer.
Baer, R. (1990). Beleuchtungstechnik; Grundlagen. Berlin, VEB Verlag Technik.
Baer, R., ed. (2006). Beleuchtungstechnik; Grundlagen. 3., vollständig überarteite Auflage (Essentials of illuminating engineering, 3rd., completely new edition). Berlin, Huss-Media, GmbH.
Bean, A.R. & Simons, R.H. (1968). Lighting fittings performance and design. Oxford. Pergamon Press.
Blackwell, H.R. (1946). Contrast threshold of the human eye. Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., 36 (1946) 624.
Bourdy, C.; Chiron, A.; Cottin, C. & Monot, A. (1987). Visibility at a tunnel entrance: Effect of temporal adaptation. Lighting Res. Technol. 19 (1987) 35-44.
Boyce, P.R. (2003). Human factors in lighting. 2nd edition. London. Taylor & Francis.
Boyce, P.R. & Bruno, L.D. (1999). An evaluation of high pressure sodium and metal halide light sources for parking lot lighting. Journ. Illum. Engng. Soc. 28 (1999) 16-32.
Boynton, R.M. (1979). Human color vision. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Boynton, R.M & Kaiser, P.M. (1978). Temporal analog of the minimally-distinct border. Vision Research, 18 (1978) 111-113.
Broadbent, D.E. (1958). Perception and Communication. London, Pergamon Press.
Bronstein, I.N.; Semendjajew, K.A.; Musiol, G. & Mühlig, H. (1997). Taschenbuch der Mathematik. 3. Auflage (Manual of mathematics. 3rd edition). Frankfurt am Main, Verlag Harri Deutsch.
Buck, S.L. (2004). Rod-cone interactions in human vision. Chapter 55 p. 863-878. In: Chalupa & Werner, eds.
Budding, E. (1993). An introduction to astronomical photometry. Cambridge University Press.
Cakir, A. & Krochmann, J. (1971). A note on the equivalent luminance and spectral luminous efficiency of the human eye within the mesopic range. Lighting Res. Technol. 3 (1971) 152-157.
CEN (2002). Road lighting. European Standard. EN 13201-1.4. Brussels, Central Sectretariat CEN (year estimated).
CEN (2003). Lighting applications - Tunnel lighting. CEN Report CR 14380. Brussels, CEN.
Chalupa, L.M. & Werner, J.S., eds. (2004). The visual neurosciences (Two volumes). Cambridge (Mass). MIT Press.
CIE (1924). Proceedings of the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage, Geneva.
CIE (1959). Proceedings of the CIE Session 1959 in Brussels. Publications 4..7. Paris, CIE.
CIE (1971). Proceedings of the CIE Session 1971 in Barcelona (Vol. A, B, C). Publication No. 21. Paris, CIE.
CIE (1971a). Colorimetry. Publication No. 15. Paris, CIE.
CIE (1981). An analytical model for describing the influence of lighting parameters upon visual performance. Summary and application guidelines (two volumes). Publication No. 19/21 and 19/22. Paris, CIE.
CIE (1986). Colorimetry. Publication No. 15-2. Vienna, CIE.
CIE (1988). Spectral luminous efficiency functions based upon brightness matching for monochromatic point sources in 2° and 10° fields. Publication No. 75. Paris, CIE.
CIE (1989). Mesopic photometry: history, special problems and practical solutions. Publication No. 81. Paris, CIE.
CIE (1990). 2° Spectral luminous efficiency function for photopic vision. Publication No. 86. Vienna, CIE.
CIE (1990a). Guide for the lighting of road tunnels and underpasses. Publication No. 26/2. Vienna, CIE.
CIE (1992). Guide for the lighting of urban areas. Publication No. 92. Paris, CIE.
CIE (1995). Recommendations for the lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic. Technical Report. Publication No. 115-1995. Vienna, CIE.
CIE (2003). Proceedings of the San Diego Session of CIE. 2 volumes. Publication no. 152. Vienna, CIE.
CIE (2005). Vision and lighting in mesopic conditions. Proceedings of the CIE Symposium ‘05. Leon, Spain, 21 May 2005. CIE X028. Vienna, CIE.
CIE (2005a). CIE 10 degree photopic photometric observer. Publication No. 165. Vienna, CIE.
CIE (2006). Colorimetry - Part 1: CIE Standard Colorimetric Observers. CIE Standard S 014-1/E:2006. Vienna, CIE.
CIE (2006a). TC 1-36 Fundamental chromaticity diagram with physiological axes. Part 1. Draft, 01-01-2006. Vienna, CIE
Daams, B.J. (1994). Human force exertion in user-product interaction. Physical Ergonomics Series, no. 2. Delft, Delft University Press.
Daintith, J. & Nelson, R.D. (1989). The Penguin Dictionary of mathematics. London. Penguin Books.
De Boer, J.B. (1951). Fundamental experiments of visibility and admissible glare in road lighting. Stockholm, CIE.
De Boer, J.B. (1959). La couleur de la lumière dans l’éclairage pour la circulation routière (The colour of the light in road traffic lighting). Lux. (1959). March - June.
De Boer, J.B. (1961). The application of sodium lamps to public lighting. Illum. Engng. 56 (1961) 293-312.
De Boer, J.B. (1967). Visual perception in road traffic and the field of vision of the motorist. Chapter 2. In: De Boer, ed.
De Boer, J.B.; Burghout, F. & Van Heemskerck Veeckens, J.F.T. (1959). Appraisal of the quality of public lighting based on road surface luminance and glare. In: CIE.
De Boer, J.B. & Fischer, D. (1981). Interior lighting (second revised edition). Deventer, Kluwer.
De Boer, J.B. & Van Heemskerck Veeckens, J.F.T. (1955). Observations on discomfort glare in street lighting. Influence of the colour of the light. Zürich, CIE.
De Boer, J.B., ed. (1967). Public lighting. Eindhoven, Centrex.
De Bruin, N.G. (1949). Beknopt leerboek der differentiaal- en integraalrekening (Short textbook on differential and integral calculus). Amsterdam, N.V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij.
Dhingra, N.K.; Kao, Y.-H; Sterling, P. & Smith, R.G. (2003). Contrast threshold of a brisk-transient ganglion cell. Journ. Neurophysiol. (in press).
Dirken, J.M. (2004). Product-ergonomie; Ontwerpen voor gebruikers (Product ergonomics; Designing for users). Delft, VSSB.
Eloholma, M.; Ketomaki, J.; Orrevetlainen, P. & Halonen, L. (2005). Contrast threshold and reaction time experiments in developing a performance-based mesopic photometry system p. 5-9. In: CIE.
Fechner, G.T. (1860). Elemente der Psychophysik (Elements of Psychophysic). 2 volumes.
Fiorentini, A. (2004). Brightness and lightness. Chapter 56, p. 881-891. In: Chalupa & Werner, eds.
Foley, P.J. (1972). Design criteria in the human-centered man-machine system. L S 9-2. In: Anon.
Forbes, T.W. (1972). Human Factors in Highway Traffic Safety Research. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fotios, S. & Cheal, C. (2005). The white light illuminance trade-off permitted in UK design for pedestrian lighting: Can it be validated?. p. 50-55. In: CIE.
Gall, D. (2004). Grundlagen der Lichttechnik; Kompendium (A compendium on the basics of illuminating engineering). München, Richard Pflaum Verlag GmbH & Co KG.
Gallagher, V.P.; Koth, B.W. & Freedman, M. (1975). The specification of street lighting needs. FHWA-RD-76-17. Philadelphia, Franklin Institute.
Gleitman, H.; Fridlund, A.J. & Reisberg, D. (2004). Psychology. Sixth edition. New York, W.W. Norton.
Griep, D.J. (1971). Analyse van de rijtaak (analysis of the driving task). Verkeerstechniek 22 (1971) 303-306; 370-378; 423-427; 539-542.
Hallet. P.E. (1963). Spatial summation. Vision Research, 3 (1963) 9-24.
Halonen, L. & Eloholma, M. (2005). Development of mesopic photometry based on new findings on visual performance. p. 1-4. In: CIE.
Hentschel, H.-J. (1994). Licht und Beleuchtung; Theorie und Praxis der Lichttechnik; 4. Auflage (Light and illumination; Theory and practice of lighting engineering, 4th edition). Heidelberg, Hüthig.
Hentschel, H.-J. ed. (2002). Licht und Beleuchtung; Grundlagen und Anwendungen der Lichttechnik; 5. neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage (Light and illumination; Theory and applications of lighting engineering; 5th new and extended edition). Heidelberg, Hüthig.
Hopkinson, R.G. (1969). Lighting and seeing. London, William Heinemann.
Janoff M.S. (1993). The relationship between small target visibility and a dynamic measure of driver visual performance. Journ. IES 22 (1993) no 1. p. 104-112.
Janssen, W.H. (1986). Modellen van de rijtaak; De state-of-the-art in 1986 (Models of the driving task; The state-of-the-art in 1986). IZF 1986 C-7. Soesterberg, IZF/TNO.
Keitz, H.A.E. (1967). Lichtmessungen und Lichtberechnungen. 2e. Auflage (The measurement and calculation of light. Second edition). Eindhoven, Philips Technische Bibliotheek.
Kokoschka, S. (1971). Spektrale Hellempfindlichkeit und äquivalente Leuchtdichte zentraler Gesichtsfelden im mesopischen Bereich (Spectral sensitivity and equivalent luminance in the mesopic range). In: CIE.
Kokoschka, S. (1980). Photometrie niedriger Leuchtdichten durch eine äquivalente Leuchtdichte des 10-° Feldes (Photometry of low luminance by means of an equivalent luminance of the 10-° Field). Licht-Forschung 2 (1980) nr. 1, p. 1-13.
König, A. & Brodhun, E. (1889). Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die psychophysischen Fundamentalformel in Bezug auf den Gesichtssinn (Experimental studies on the fundamental psychophysiological formulae regarding the visual sense). Sitz. Ber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss (1889) 641-644.
Kostic, M.; Djokic, L.; Pojatar, D. & Strbac-Hadzibegovic, N. (2005). Influence of the theory of mesopic vision on road lighting design. p. 44-49. In: CIE.
Krech, D.; Crutchfield, R.S. & Livson, N. (1969). Elements of psychology (second edition). New York, Alfred Knopf.
Le Grand, Y. (1956). Optique physiologique, Tome III (Physiological optics; volume III). Paris, Ed. Revue Optique.
LRI (1993). Visibility and luminance in roadway lighting. 2nd International Symposium. Orlando, Florida, October 26 - 27. New York, Lighting Research Institute LRI.
LRI (1998). Vision at low light levels. 4th International Lighting Research Symposium. Orlando. New York, Lighting Research Institute LRI.
Lythgoe, R.J. (1932). The measurement of visual acuity. Medical Council Special Report No. 175. London. H.M. Stationery Office 1932.
Middleton, W.E.K. (1952). Vision through the atmosphere. University of Toronto Press.
Miller, G.A. (1947). Sensitivity to changes in the intensity of white noise and its relation to masking and loudness. Journ. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 19 (1947) 609-619.
Moon, P. (1961). The scientific basis of illuminating engineering (revised edition). New York, Dover Publications, Inc.
Moroney, M.J. (1990). Facts from figures (revised edition). Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, Pelican A236.
Mutzhas, M.F. (1981). The 2° spectral tristimulus value functions represented as exponential equations. Lichtforschung, 2 (1980) nr. 1. p. 15-21.
Narisada, K. (2007). Revealing power and road lighting design. In: TRB.
Narisada, K.; Karasawa, Y. & Shirao, K. (2003). Design parameters of road lighting and Revealing Power. In: CIE.
Narisada, K. & Schreuder, D.A. (2004). Light pollution handbook. Dordrecht, Springer.
Noordzij, P.C.; Hagenzieker, M.P. & Theeuwes, J. (1993). Visuele waarneming en verkeersveiligheid (Visual perception and road safety). R-93-12. Leidschendam, SWOV.
NSVV (1990). Aanbevelingen voor openbare verlichting (Recommendations for public lighting). Arnhem, NSVV.
NSVV (2002). Richtlijnen voor openbare verlichting; Deel 1: Prestatie-eisen. Nederlandse Praktijkrichtlijn 13201-1 (Guidelines for public lighting; Part 1: Performance requirements. Practical Guidelines for the Netherlands 13201-1). Arnhem, NSVV.
NSVV (2003). Aanbevelingen voor tunnelverlichting (Recommendations for tunnel lighting). Arnhem, NSVV.
OECD (1972). Symposium on road user perception and decision making. Rome, OECD.
Opstelten, J.J. (1984). Helderheid en luminantie in het overgangsgebied tussen fotopisch en scotopisch zien (Brightness and luminance in the transition zone between photopic and scotopic vision). Report LA 1003/84. Laboratory for lighting application and lighting engineering. Eindhoven, Philips Lighting (not published).
Palmer, D.A. (1971). Table 2.3.2 ā10 (λ). In: CIE.
Phillips, P.L. (1986). Minimum colour differences required to recognise small objects on a colour c.r.t. Journal of the Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers. 56 (1986) no. 3, 123-129.
Rea, M.S. (2005). A model of mesopic vision: The bridge to a unified systen of photometry. p. 30-37. In: CIE.
Reeves, A. (2004). Visual adaptation. Chapter 50, p. 851-862. In: Chalupa & Werner, eds.
Ricco, A. (1875). Relazioni fra il minimo angolo visualo (The relation of the minimum visual angle). Ann. Ottalmol. 6 III (1875) 373-393.
Sagawa. K. (2005). Brightness in mesopic vision and the CIE supplementary system of photometry. p. 20-26. In: CIE.
Schober, H. (1960). Das Sehen; 2 Bände (Seeing; two volumes). Leipzig, Fachbuchverlag-1960.
Schoon, C.C. & Schreuder, D.A. (1993). HID car headlights and road safety; A state-of-the-art report on high-pressure gas-discharge lamps with an examination of the application of UV radiation and polarised light. R-93-70. Leidschendam, SWOV.
Schreuder, D.A. (1964). The lighting of vehicular traffic tunnels. Eindhoven, Centrex.
Schreuder, D.A. (1967). The theoretical basis for road lighting design. Chapter 3. In: De Boer, ed.
Schreuder, D.A. (1974). De rol van functionele eisen bij de wegverlichting (The rol of functional requirements in road lighting). In: Wegontwerp en verlichting tegen de achtergrond van de verkeersveiligheid (Road design and lighting in view of road safety); Preadviezen Congresdag 1974, blz. 111 t/m 137. Vereniging Het Nederlandsche Wegencongres, ’s-Gravenhage.
Schreuder, D.A. (1976). White or yellow light for vehicle head-lamps? Arguments in the discussion on the colour of vehicle head-lamps. Publication 1976-2E. Voorburg, SWOV.
Schreuder, D.A. (1988). Visual performance and road safety. R-88-46. Leidschendam, SWOV.
Schreuder, D.A. (1989). Enquête wijst uit: Straten zijn onveilig en licht is akelig (Enquiry shows: Streets are not safe and look ugly). De Gorzette, Verenigings- en informatieblad Bewoners Vereniging Schiedam-Zuid. 17 (1989) no 1. p. 23-25.
Schreuder, D.A. (1989a). Bewoners oordelen over straatverlichting (Residents judge street lighting). PT Elektronica-Elektrotechniek. 44 (1989) no. 5, p. 60-64.
Schreuder, D.A. (1989b). The field factor for the determination of tunnel entrance luminance levels. Proceedings, SLG/CIE Symposium, Lugano, 12 oct 1989.
Schreuder, D.A. (1990). De veldfactor bij de bepaling van de verlichtingsniveaus bij tunnelingangen; Verslag van experimenteel onderzoek (The field factor at the assessment of lighting levels in tunnel entrances; Report of experimental research). R-90-10. SWOV, Leidschendam.
Schreuder, D.A. (1991). Visibility aspects of the driving task: Foresight in driving. A theoretical note. R-91-71. Leidschendam, SWOV.
Schreuder, D.A. (1991a). De veldfactor bij de bepaling van de verlichtingsniveaus bij tunnelingangen; een nadere analyse (The field factor at the assessment of lighting levels in tunnel entrances; An additional analysis). R-91-65. SWOV, Leidschendam.
Schreuder, D.A. (1991b). Tegenstraalverlichting in tunnels; Een overzicht van de beschikbare literatuur (Counterbeam lighting in tunnels; A survey of available literature). R-91-96. Leidschendam, SWOV.
Schreuder, D.A. (1993). Contrastwaarnemingen in tunnels - Een meetmethode (The observation of contrasts in tunnels; A method for measuring) R-93-36. Leidschendam, SWOV.
Schreuder, D.A. (1994). Duurzame verkeersveiligheid voor ouderen en gehandicapten; Verslag van een pilot-studie ten behoeve van een onderzoek-opzet (Sustainable road safety for the elderly and the handicapped; Report of a pilot study for a research plan). Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies.
Schreuder, D.A. (1997). The functional characteristics of road and tunnel lighting. Paper presented to the Israel National Committee on Illumination on Tuesday, 25 March 1997 at the Association of Engineers and Architects in Tel Aviv. Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder consultancies.
Schreuder, D.A. (1998). Road lighting for safety. London, Thomas Telford (Translation of “Openbare verlichting voor verkeer en veiligheid”, Deventer, Kluwer Techniek).
Schreuder, D.A. (2004). Verlichting thuis voor de allerarmsten (Home lighting for the very poor). NSVV Nationaal Lichtcongres 11 november 2004. Arnhem, NSVV.
Schreuder, D.A. (2006). Gerontopsychologische overwegingen bij het ontwerpen van binnenverlichting (Gerontopsychologal considerations in interior lighting design). NSVV Nationaal Lichtcongres 2006, 23 november 2006. Ede, NSVV.
Schreuder, D.A. & Lindeijer, J.E. (1987). Verlichting en markering van voertuigen: Een state-of-the-art rapport (Lighting and marking of road vehicles: A state-of-the-art report). R-87-7. Leidschendam, SWOV.
Shevell, S.K., ed. (2003). The science of color. Second edition. OSA Optical Society of America. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
Smith, V. & Pokorny, J. (2003). Color matching and color discrimination. Chapter 3. In: Shevell, ed.
Srinivasan, M.V.; Laughlin, S.B. & Dubs, A. (1982). Predictive coding; A fresh view of inhibition in the retina. Proc. Roy. Soc. London. B,216 (1982) 427-459.
Steinman, P. (2004). Gaze control under natural conditions. Chapter 90, p. 1339-1356. In: Chalupa & Werner, eds.
Sterken, C. & Manfroid, J. (1992). Astronomical photometry. Dordrecht, Kluwer.
Stilma, J.S. & Voorn, Th. B., eds. (1995). Praktische oogheelkunde. Eerste druk, tweede oplage met correcties (Practical ophthalmology. First edition, second impression with corrections). Houten, Bohn, Stafleu, Van Loghum.
SWOV (1972). Psychological Aspects of Driver Behaviour. Symposium Noordwijkerhout, 2-6 August 1971. Voorburg, SWOV.
TRB (2007). Visibility symposium, 17-18 April 2007. College Station, Texas.
Van Essen, J. (1939). Etude psychophysiologique sur l’obscurité (Psychophysiological study on darkness). Archives Néerlandaises de physiologie et de phonétiqyue expérimentale (1939) p. 487-554 (Year estimated).
Van Norren, D. (1995). Lichtschade (Damage by light). Chapter 4. In: Stilma & Voorn, eds.
Van Tilborg, A.D.M. (1991). Evaluatie van de verlichtingsproeven in Utrecht (Evaluation of lighting experiments in Utrecht). Utrecht, Energiebedrijf (not published; see Anon.a).
Varady, G.; Szalai, A.; Bodrogi, P. & Schanda, J. (2005). Measuring mesopic visual performance: Contrast threshold experiments - effect of stimulus size and shape . p. 10-13. In: CIE.
Vos, J.J. & Legein, C. P. (1989). Oog en werk: een ergoftalmologische wegwijzer (Eye and work; Ergophthalmological guidance). Den Haag, SDU Uitgeverij. 1989.
Wachter, A. & Hoeber, H. (2006). Compendium of theoretical physics (Translated from the German edition). New York, Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
Walsh, J.W.T. (1958). Photometry (3rd edition). London, Constable. Reprinted. New York, Dover.
Walters, H.V. & Wright, W.D. (1943). The spectral sensitivity of the fovea and the extra-fovea in the Purkinje range. Proc. R. Soc. B 131.
Watson, A.B.; Barlow, H.B. & Robson, J.G. (1983). What does the eye see best? Nature, 302 (1983) 419-422.
Weber, W.E. (1846). Das Tastsinn und das Gemeingefühl (Tactile sense and general sensation). In: Wagner, Handwörterbuch der Physiologie vol. III (Dictionary of physiologie).
Weigert, A. & Wendker, H.J. (1989). Astronomie und Astrophysik - ein Grundkurs, 2. Auflage (Astronomy and astrophysics - a primer, 2nd edition). VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim (D).
Weir, D.H. & McRuer, D.T. (1971). Measurement and interpretation of driver-vehicle system dynamic response. In: SWOV.
Wiener, N. (1954). The human use of human beings (2nd ed). New York, Doubleday.
Wiener, N. (1966). God, mens en machine (translation of God and Golem, Inc.). Rotterdam, Universitaire Pers.
Wouters, P.I.J. (1991). De veiligheid van oudere verkeersdeelnemers (Safety for elderly traffic participants). R-91-77. Leidschendam, SWOV.
Wyszecki, G. & Stiles, W. (1982). Color science: Concepts and methods, quantitative data and formulae. 2nd edition. First edition 1967. New York, Wiley.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2008). The human observer; visual performance aspects. In: Outdoor Lighting: Physics, Vision and Perception. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8602-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8602-1_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-8601-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8602-1
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)