Continued growth in traffic volume and infrastructure facilities such as airports, railroads, and highways can lead to a variety of environmental problems. Car traffic in particular consumes energy, produces congestion, causes accidents and pollution. Traffic is also a major generator of noise nuisance. Accordingly, a major challenge for infrastructure planning is to combine economic growth with an acceptable use of the available territory, nature, and biodiversity, and a restriction on environmentally harmful emissions.
In a small, densely populated, country, such as the Netherlands, these environmental problems often emerge as highly complex decision-making situations that feature conflicting interests. Consequently, Dutch infrastructure planners find it difficult to guarantee the participation of all these interests and deliver good quality and environmentally sound outcomes.
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Woltjer, J. (2009). Concepts of Participatory Decision-Making in Dutch Infrastructure Planning. In: Coenen, F.H.J.M. (eds) Public Participation and Better Environmental Decisions. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9325-8_9
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