Abstract
Transparency means making evidence evident. An observational study that is not transparent may be overwhelming or intimidating, but it is unlikely to be convincing. Several aspects of transparency are briefly discussed.
The beliefs we have most warrant for, have no safeguard to rest on, but a standing invitation to the whole world to prove them unfounded. If the challenge is not accepted, or is accepted and the attempt fails, we are far enough from certainty still; but we have done the best the existing state of human reason admits of… ? This is the amount of certainty attainable by a fallible being, and this is the sole way of attaining it.
John Stuart Mill [4, page 21]
The objectivity of all science, including mathematics, is inseparably linked with its criticizability.
Karl R. Popper [6, page 137]
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Cox, D.R.: Planning of Experiments. New York: Wiley (1958)
Cox, D.R.: Applied statistics: a review. Ann Appl Statist 1, 1–16 (2007)
Joffe, M.M., Colditz, G.A. : Restriction as a method for reducing bias in the estimation of direct effects. Statist Med 17, 2233–2249 (1998)
Mill, J.S.: On Liberty. New York: Barnes and Nobel (1859, reprinted 2004)
Peto, R., Pike, M., Armitage, P., Breslow, N., Cox, D., Howard, S., Mantel, N., McPherson, K., Peto, J., Smith, P. Design and analysis of randomised clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient, I. Br J Cancer 34, 585–612 (1976)
Popper, K.R.: Objective Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1972)
Rosenbaum, P.R.: Observational Studies. New York: Springer (2002)
Susser, M.: Causal Thinking in the Health Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press (1973)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rosenbaum, P.R. (2010). Transparency. In: Design of Observational Studies. Springer Series in Statistics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1213-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1213-8_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1212-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1213-8
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)