Skip to main content

Brain Mapping for Neurosurgery and Cognitive Neuroscience

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
BOLD fMRI

Abstract

One of the primary goals of neural science is to understand the biological underpinnings of cognition. This goal is based on the assumption that cognitive events emerge from brain events and that behavior can be explained in terms of neural processes. Francis Crick referred to this as “the Astonishing Hypothesis.”1 According to this view, the biological principles that underlie cognition link the structure and function of the brain.

This chapter previously appeared in Functional MRI: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications, edited by S. Faro and F. Mohamed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LCC 2006.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Crick F. The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.); 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  3. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co.; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Neisser U. Cognitive Psychology. New York; Appleton: 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Damasio H, Grabowski T, Frank R, Galaburda AM, Damasio AR. The return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science. 1994;264:1102–1105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Penfield W. The Mystery of the Mind. Princeton, NJ; Princeton University Press: 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Sherrington R. J Physiol. 1890;11:85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Raichle ME, Martin WRW, Herscovitch P, Mintun MA, Markham J. Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H215O. II. Implementation and validation.J Nucl Med. 1983;24:790–798.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fox PT, Raichle ME. Stimulus rate dependence of regional cerebral blood flow in human striate cortex demonstrated by positron emission tomography.J Neurophysiol. 1984;51:1109–1120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Peterson SE, Fox PT, Posner MI, Mintun M, Raichle ME. Postiron emission tomographic studies of the processing of single words. J Cogn Neurosci. 1989;1(2):153–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ogawa S, Lee T-M, Nayak AS, Glynn P. Oxygenation-sensitive contrast in magnetic resonance image of rodent brain at high magnetic fields. Magn Reson Med. 1990;14:68–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gore JC, Principles and practice of functional MRI of the human brain. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:4–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. George JS, Aine CJ, Mosher JC, Schmidt MD, Ranken DM, Schlitt HA Wood CC, Lewine JD, Sanders JA, Belliveau JW. Mapping function in the human brain with magneto encephalography, anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, and functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1995;12:406–429.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Nimsky C, Ganslandt O, Kober H, Moller M, Ulmer S, Tomandl B, Fahlbusch R. Integration of functional magnetic resonance imaging supported by magnetoencephalography in functional neuronavigation. Neurosurgery. 1999;44(6):1249–1255.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Stapleton SR, Kiriakopoulos E, Mikulis D, Drake LM, Hoffman HJ, Humphreys R, Hwang P, Otsubo H, Holowka S, Logan W, Rutka JT. Combined utility of functional MRI, cortical mapping, and frameless stereotaxy in the resection of lesions in eloquent areas of brain in children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1997;26:68–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Atlas SW, Howard RS, Maldjian J, Alsop D, Detre JA, Listerud J, D’Esposito M, Judy KD, Zager E, Stecker M. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of regional brain activity in patients with intracerebral gliomas: findings and implications for clinical management. Neurosurgery. 1996;38(2):329–338.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Latchaw RE, Xiaoping HU, Ugurbil K, Hall WA, Madison MT, Heros RC. Functional magnetic resonance imaging as a management tool for cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery. 1995;37(4):619–625.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lee CC, Jack CR Jr, Riederer SJ. Mapping of the central sulcus with functional MR: Active versus passive activation tasks. Neuroradiology. 1998;19:847–852.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mueller WM, Yetkin FZ, Hammeke TA, Morris GL III, Swanson SJ, Reichert K, Cox, Haughton VM. Functional magnetic resonance imaging mapping of the motor cortex in patients with cerebral tumors. Neurosurgery. 1996;39(3):515–521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Puce A, Constable T, Luby ML, Eng M, McCarthy G, Nobre AC, Spencer DD, Gore JC, Allison T. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of sensory and motor cortex: comparison with electrophysiological localization. J Neurosurg. 1995;83:262–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Schulder M, Maldijian JA, Liu WC, Holodny AI, Kalnin AT, Mun IK, Carmel PW. Functional image-guided surgery of intracranial tumors located in or near the sensorimotor cortex. Neurosurgery. 1998;89:412–418.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Yousry TA, Schmid UD, Jassoy AG, Schmidt D, Eisener WE, Reulen HJ, Reiser MF, Lissner J. Topography of the cortical motor hand area: prospective study with functional MR imaging and direct motor mapping at surgery. Radiology. 1995;195:23–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Debus J, Essig M, Schad LR, Wenz F, Baudendistel K, Knopp MV, Engenhart R, Lorenz WJ. Functional magnetic imaging in a stereotactic setup. Magn Reson Imaging. 1996;14(9):1007–1012.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Fried I, Nenov VI, Ojemann SG, Woods RP. Functional MR and PET imaging of rolandic and visual cortices for neurosurgical planning. J Neurosurg. 1995;83:854–861.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chapman PH, Buchbinder BR, Cosgrove GR, Jiang HJ. Functional magnetic resonance imaging for cortical mapping in pediatric neurosurgery. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1995;23:122–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Fandino J, Kollias S, Wieser G, Valavanis A, Yonekawa Y. Intraoperative validation of functional magnetic resonance imaging and cortical reorganization patters in patients with brain tumors involving the primary motor cortex. J Neurosurg. 1999;91:238–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Pujol J, Conesa G, Deus J, Lopez-Obarrio L, Isamat F, Capdevila A. Clinical application of functional magnetic resonance imaging in presurgical identification of the central sulcus. J Neurosurg. 1998;88:863–869.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Herholz K, Reulen H, von Stockhausen H, Thiel A, Ilmberger J, Kessler J, Eisner W, Yousry TA, Heiss W. Preoperative activation and intraoperative stimulation of language-related areas in patients with glioma. Neurosurgery. 1997;41(6):1253–1262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hinke RM, Hu X, Stillman AE, Kim SG, Merkle H, Salmi R, Ugurbil K. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of Broca’s area during internal speech. NeuroReport. 1993;4:675–678.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Binder JR, Frost JA, Hammeke TA, Bellgowan PSF, Rao SM, Cox RW. Conceptual processing during the conscious resting state: A functional MRI study. J Cogn Neurosci. 1999;11(1):80–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kollias SS, Landau K, Khan N, Golay X, Bernays R, Yonekawa Y, Valavanis A. Functional evaluation using magnetic resonance imaging of the visual cortex in patients with retrochiasmatic lesions. Neurosurgery. 1998;89:780–790.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Tootell RB, Reppas JB, Kwong KK, Malach R, Born RT, Brady TJ, Rosen BR, Belliveau JW. Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci. 1995;15:3215–3230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hirsch J, Rodriguez-Moreno D, Kim KHS. Interconnected large-scale systems for three fundamental cognitive tasks revealed by functional MRI. J Cogn Neurosci. 2001;13(3):1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Hirsch J, Ruge MI, Kim KHS, Correa DD, Victor JD, Relkin NR, Labar DR, Krol G, Bilsky MH, Souweidane MM, DeAngelis LM, Gutin PH. An integrated fMRI procedure for preoperative mapping of cortical areas associated with tactile, motor, language, and visual functions. Neurosurgery. 2000;47(3):711–722.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kaplan EF, Goodglass H, Weintraub S. The Boston naming test. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger: 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Dinner DS, Luders H, Lesser RP, Morris HH. Cortical generators of somatosensory evoked potentials to median nerve stimulation. Neurology. 1987;37:1141–1145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Cedzich C, Taniguchi M, Schafer S, Schramm J. Somatosensory evoked potential phase reversal and direct motor cortex stimulation during surgery in and around the central region. Neurosurgery. 1996;38:962–970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Puce A. Comparative assessment of sensorimotor function using functional magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological methods. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1995;12:450–459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wada J, Rasmussen T. Intracarotid injection of sodium amytal for the lateralization of cerebral speech dominance. J Neurosurg. 1960;17:266–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Ruge MI, Victor JD, Hosain S, Correa DD, Relkin NR, Tabar V, Brennan C, Gutin PH, Hirsch J. Concordance between functional magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperative language mapping. J Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1999;72:95–102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kim KHS, Relkin NR, Lee K-M, Hirsch J. Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages. Nature. 1997;388:171–174.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ojemann G, Ojemann J, Lettich E, Berger M. Cortical language localization in left, dominant hemisphere. J Neurosurg. 1989;71:316–326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Friston KJ, Holmes AP, Price CJ, Büchel C, Worsley KJ. Multisubject fMRI studies and conjunction analysis. Neuroimage. 1999;10:385–396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Desmond JE, Glover GH. Estimating sample size in functional MRI (fMRI) neuroimaging studies: statistical power analyses. J Neurosci Methods. 2002;118:115–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Talairach J, Tournoux P. Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain. New York; Thieme: 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Friston KJ, et al. Human Brain Mapping. 1995;2:189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Mishkin M, Ungerleider LG. Contribution of striate inputs to the visuospatial functions of parieto-preoccipital cortex in monkeys. Behav Brain Res. 1982;6(1):57–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Buchel C, Friston KJ. Modulation of connectivity in visual pathways by attention: Cortical interactions evaluated with structural equation modelling and fMRI. Cerebral Cortex. 1997;7(8):768–778.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Mesulam M-M. From sensation to cognition. Brain. 1998;121:1013–1052.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kim Y-H, Gitelman DR, Nobre AC, Parrish TB, LaBar KS, Mesulam M-M. The large-scale neural network for spatial attention displays multifunctional overlap but differential asymmetry. NeuroImage. 1999;9:269–277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Smith EE, Jonides J. Working memory: A view from neuroimaging. Cogn Psychol. 1997;33:5–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Leung H-C, Skudlarski P, Gatenby JC, Peterson BS, Gore JC. An event-related functional MRI study of the Stroop color word interference task. Cereb Cortex. 2000;10:552–560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. D’Esposito M, Detre JA, Alsop DC, Shin RK, Atlas S, Grossman M. The neural basis of the central executive system of working memory. Nature. 1995;378:279–281.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Adcock RA, Constable RT, Gore JC, Goldman-Rakic PS. Functional neuroanatomy of executive processes involved in dual-task performance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97(7):3567–3572.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Casey BJ, Trainor RJ, Orendi JL, Schubert AB, Nystrom LE, Giedd JN, Castellanos FX, Haxby JV, Noll DC, Cohen JD, Forman SD, Dahl RE, Rapoport JL. A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance of a Go-No-Go task. J Cogn Neurosci. 1997;9(6):835–847.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Rosen BR, Buckner RL, Dale AM. Event-related functional MRI: Past, present, and future. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:773–780.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Opitz B, Mecklinger A, Friederici AD, von Cramon DY. The functional neuroanatomy of novelty processing: Integrating ERP and fMRI results. Cerebr Cortex. 1999;9(4):379–391.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kruggel F, Herrmann CS, Wiggins CJ, von Cramon DY. Hemodynamic and electroencephalographic responses to illusory figures: Recording of the evoked potentials during functional MRI. Neuroimage. 2001;14:1327–1336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Dehaene S, Naccache L. Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: Basic evidence and a workspace framework. Cognition. 2001;79:1–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Damasio AR. Investigating the biology of consciousness. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1998;353:1879–1882.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Dehaene S, Kerszberg M, Changeux JP. A neuronal model of a global workspace in effortful cognitive tasks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95(24):14529–14534, November 24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Binder JR, Price CJ. Functional imaging of language. In: Cabeza R, Kingstone A, eds. Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 187–251.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Whalen PJ, Rauch SL, Etcoff NL, McInerney SC, Lee MB, Jenike MA. Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. J Cogn Neurosci. 1998;18(1):411–418.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Morris JS, Ohman A, Dolan RJ. Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature. 1998;393:467–470.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This chapter was written in collaboration with Sarah Callahan, a psycholinguistic student in my laboratory, who not only researched and provided essential original sources, but also was a partner in the development of the ideas and conceptual organization. Without her critical contributions, this chapter would not have emerged in print.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hirsch, J. (2010). Brain Mapping for Neurosurgery and Cognitive Neuroscience. In: Faro, S., Mohamed, F. (eds) BOLD fMRI. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1329-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1329-6_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1328-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1329-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics