Abstract
It has been proposed that β-phenylethylamine (PE) may be equivalent to, or may mediate, the effects of d-amphetamine. This hypothesis has been assessed in terms of a comparison of the general stimulus profiles of these two compounds. From the literature it is apparent that PE and d-amphetamine share similar discriminative stimulus properties. This has been demonstrated for PE with and without MAO inhibition. An analysis of effects of PE and d-amphetamine on self-stimulation indicates that their effects are equivalent in this paradigm when PE is administered in the presence of a MAO inhibitor but not in its absence. Self-administration experiments have shown that both compounds may act as rewards or reinforcers in different species. PE is, however, ineffective as a stimulus for the induction of taste aversions, in marked contrast to d-amphetamine. The implications of these data, and the results of some neurochemical analyses, for a possible functional role of PE are discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barger G. and Dale H.H. (1910) Chemical structure and sym-pathomimetic action of amines. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 41, 19–59.
Barry H. III (1974) Classification of drugs according to their discriminable effects in rats. Fed. Proc. 33, 1814–1824.
Biel J.H. (1970) Structure-activity relationships of amphetamine and derivatives, in Proc. International Symposium on Amphetamines and Related Compounds ( E. Costa and S. Garattini, eds), pp 1–19, Raven Press, New York.
Booth D.A., Pilcher C.W.T., D’Mello G.D. and Stolerman I.P. (1977) Comparative potencies of amphetamine, fenfluramine and related compounds in taste aversion experiments in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 61, 664–677.
Boulton A.A. (1979) The trace amines: neurohumors (cytosolic, pre- and/or post-synaptic, secondary, indirect?). Behav. and Brain Sci. 2, 418.
Boulton A.A. and Baker G.B. (1975) The subcellular distribution of β-phenylethylamine, p-tyramine and tryptamine in rat brain. J. Neurochem. 25, 477–481.
Broadbent J., Greenshaw A.J. and Boulton A.A. (1984) Hypodipsic effects of β-phenylethylamine, phenylethanolamine, N-methyl phenylethylamine and d-amphetamine: a temporal analysis, in this book.
Chuang L.W., Karoum F. and Wyatt R.J. (1982) Different effects of behaviourally equipotent doses of amphetamine and methoxyamphetamine on brain biogenic amines: specific increase of phenylethylamine by amphetamine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 81, 385–392.
Colpaert F.C., Niemegeers C.J.E. and Janssen P.A.J. (1980) Evidence that a preferred substrate for type B monoamine oxidase mediates stimulus properties of MAO inhibitors: a possible role for β-phenylethylamine in the cocaine cue. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 13, 513–517.
Danielson J., Wishart T.B. and Boulton A.A. (1976) Effect of acute and chronic injections of amphetamine on intra-cranial self-stimulation and some aryl alkyl amines in the rat brain. Life Sci. 18, 1237–1243.
D’Mello G.D. and Stolerman I.P. (1977) Comparison of the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine and amphet-amine in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 61, 415–422.
Dourish C.T. and Boulton A.A. (1981) The effects of acute and chronic administration of β-phenylethylamine on food intake and body weight in rats. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. 5, 411–414.
Dourish C.T. and Boulton A.A. (1981) The effects of acute and chronic administration of β-phenylethylamine on food intake and body weight in rats. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. 5, 411–414.
Durden D.A. (1984) Quantification of trace amines and their metabolites by high resolution or metastable analysis using double focussing mass spectrometry, in this book.
Durden D.A., Philips S.R. and Boulton A.A. (1973) Identifi-cation and distribution of ß-phenylethylamine in the rat. Can. J. Biochem. 51, 995–1002.
Durden D.A. and Philips S.R. (1980) Kinetic measurements of the turnover rates of phenylethylamine and tryptamine in vivo in the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 34, 1725–1732.
Durden D.A. and Philips S.R. (1980) Kinetic measurements of the turnover rates of phenylethylamine and tryptamine in vivo in the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 34, 1725–1732.
Goudie A.J. (1979) Aversive stimulus properties of drugs. Neuropharmacol. 19, 971–979.
Goudie A.J. (1982) Discriminative properties in an operant task of β-phenylethylamine, in Drug Discrimination: Applications in CNS Pharmacology ( F.C. Colpaert and J.L. Slangen, eds), pp 165–180, Janssen Research Foundation, Elsevier Biomedical, Amsterdam.
Goudie A.J. (1982) Discriminative properties in an operant task of β-phenylethylamine, in Drug Discrimination: Applications in CNS Pharmacology ( F.C. Colpaert and J.L. Slangen, eds), pp 165–180, Janssen Research Foundation, Elsevier Biomedical, Amsterdam.
Greenshaw A.J. and Dourish C.T. (1984) β-phenylethylamine and d-amphetamine: differential potency in the conditioned taste aversion paradigm, in this book.
Greenshaw A.J., Juorio A.V. and Boulton A.A. (1984) Behavioural and neurochemical effects of 1-deprenyl and 3-phenylethylamine in the context of self-stimulation, (submitted)
Greenshaw A.J., Sanger D.J. and Blackman D.E. (1981) The effect of drugs on fixed-interval responding maintained by electrical brain stimulation in rats, in Quantification of Steady State Operant Behaviour (C.M. Bradshaw, E Szabadi and C.F. Lowe, eds) pp 457–460, Elsevier Biomedical, Amsterdam.
Greenshaw A.J., Sanger D.J. and Blackman D.E. (1981) The effect of drugs on fixed-interval responding maintained by electrical brain stimulation in rats, in Quantification of Steady State Operant Behaviour (C.M. Bradshaw, E Szabadi and C.F. Lowe, eds) pp 457–460, Elsevier Biomedical, Amsterdam.
Greenshaw A.J., Sanger D.J. and Blackman D.E. (1983) Effects of chlordiazepoxide on self-regulated duration of lateral hypothalamic stimulation. Psychopharmacology (in press).
Greenshaw A.J., Sanger D.J., Blackman D.E. and Boulton A.A. (19840 Effects of d-amphetamine and β-phenylethylamine on fixed-internal responding maintained by self- regulated electrical hypothalamic stimulation in rats, (submitted)
Hauger R.L., Skolnick P. and Paul S.U. (1982) Specific [3H]-β-phenylethylamine binding sites in rat brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 83, 147–148.
Heller B. and Lumbreras N. (1976) Studies on the role of phenylethylamine in methylamphetamine mechanisms. Experientia 32, 210–211.
Howard J.L., Pollard E.T., Rohrbach K.W. and Hartone N.E. Effect of B-phenylethylamine and d-amphetamine on electrical self-stimulation of brain. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 661–664.
Huang J.T. and Ho B.T. (1974) The effect of pretreatment with iproniozid on the behavioural activities of 3-phenylethylamine in rats. Psychopharmacol. 35, 77–81.
Iversen S.D. (1977) Brain dopamine systems and behaviour, in Handbook of Psychopharmacology Vol. 8 L.L. Iversen, S.D. Iversen and S.H. Snyder (eds) pp 333–384, Plenum Press, New York.
Jackson D.M. (1972) The effect of β-phenylethylamine upon spontaneous motor activity in mice: a dual effect on locomotor activity. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 24, 383–389.
Jones R.S.G. and Boulton A.A. (1980) Interactions between p-tyramine, m-tyramine or β-phenylethylamine and dopamine on single neurons in the cortex and caudate nucleus of the rat. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 58, 222–227.
Liebman J.M. (1983) Discriminating between reward and per-formance: a critical review of intracranial self-stimu-lation methodology. Neurosci Biobehav. Rev. 7, 45–72.
Philips S.R. (1981) Amphetamine, p-hydroxyamphetamine and β-phenylethylamine in mouse brain and urine after (-) and (+) deprenyl administration. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 33, 739–741.
Philips S.R. and Boulton A.A. (1979) The effect of mono-amine oxidase inhibitors on some arylalkylamines in rat striatum. J. Neurochem. 33, 159–167.
Risner M.E. and Jones B.E. (1977) Characteristics of β-phenylethylamine self-administration by dog. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 6, 689–696.
Sandler M. and Reynolds G.P. (1976) Does 3-phenylethylamine cause schizophrenia? Lancet 1, 70–71.
Sanger D.J. (1981) The role of operant behaviour in the pharmacology laboratory, in Quantification of Steady State Operant Behaviour (C.M. Bradshaw, E. Szabadi and C.F. Lowe, eds), Elsevier Biomedical, Amsterdam.
Schuster C.R. and Thompson T. (1969) Self-administration of and behavioral dependence on drugs. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 9, 483–502.
Shannon H.E. and DeGregorio C.M. (1982) Self-administration of the endogenous trace amines $-phenylethylamine, lime thy 1 phenylethylamine and phenylethanolamine in dogs. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Therap. 227, 52–60.
Stein L. (1964) Self-stimulation of the brain and the central stimulant action of amphetamine. Fed. Proc. 23, 836–841.
Zacharko R.M. and Kokkinidis L. (1982) Preference for fixed vs self-selected durations of brain stimulation in rats administered d-amphetamine sulphate. Life Sci. 30, 1029–1034.
Zacharko R.M. and Wishart T.B. (1979) Facilitation of self-stimulâtion with high doses of amphetamine in the rat. Psychopharmacology 64, 247–248.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 The Humana Press Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Greenshaw, A.J. (1984). β-Phenylethylamine: A Functional Role at the Behavioural Level?. In: Boulton, A.A., Baker, G.B., Dewhurst, W.G., Sandler, M. (eds) Neurobiology of the Trace Amines. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5312-9_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5312-9_31
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9781-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5312-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive