Abstract
1. Preoperative otolaryngologic evaluation of upper airway anatomy and velopharyngeal competence using a flexible nasopharyngoscope is obtained. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography (CT) scanning of the craniocervical junction (cq) are done to define the location and extent of the lesion as well as cervicomedullary junction compression (Fig. 2G). Dynamic flexion and extension radiographs of the cervical spine are used to document preoperative instability. Vertebral artery angiograms are not performed routinely.
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Sinha, U.K., Samudrala, S. (2003). Transoral-Transpharyngeal Approach to the Cervical Spine. In: Surgical Approaches to the Spine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0009-0_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0009-0_3
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