Abstract
Activated glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) are a histopathologic feature of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Microglial cells have been demonstrated to migrate to and to proliferate and differentiate at sites of inflammation (1). In the cerebral cortex, glia comprise greater than 85% of the total population of brain cells. Of these, astrocytes account for about 85% of the glial cell population, while microglia constitute up to 10 to 15% of brain glial cells. Functional evidence has suggested that glial cells express receptors for opiates, such as morphine (2, 3) and endogenous opioids, such as dynorphin (4). A rapidly growing body of studies suggests that activated glial cells cause neuronal injury via releasing immune mediators, such as cytokines, reactive oxygen or nitrogen intermediates, and toxins (5). Results of these studies have raised an interesting question regarding the potential role of opiates in modulating neuronal injury.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
del Rio-Hortega, P. (1932) Microglia. In: Penfield, W., Ed. Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System. vol. 2. New York: Paul P. Hocker, pp 481–584.
Peterson, P. K., Gekker, G., Hu, S., Anderson, W. R., Kravitz, F., Portoghese, P. S., Balfour, H. H., Jr.. and Chao. C. C. (1994) Morphine amplifies HIV-1 expression in chronically infected promonocytes cocultured with human brain cells. J. Neuroimmunol. 50: 167–175.
Peterson, P. K., Gekker, G., Hu, S., Anderson, W. R., Kravitz, F., Portoghese, P. S., Balfour, H. H., Jr.. and Chao. C. C. (1994) Morphine amplifies HIV-1 expression in chronically infected promonocytes cocultured with human brain cells. J. Neuroimmunol. 50: 167–175.
Chao, C. C., Gekker, G., Hu, S., Sheng, W. S., Portoghese, P. S., and Peterson, P. K. (1995) Upregulation of HIV-1 expression in cocultures of chronically infected promonocytes and human brain cells by dynorphin. Biochem. Pharmacol. 50: 715–722.
Chao, C. C., Gekker, G., Hu, S., Sheng, W. S., Portoghese, P. S., and Peterson, P. K. (1995) Upregulation of HIV-1 expression in cocultures of chronically infected promonocytes and human brain cells by dynorphin. Biochem. Pharmacol. 50: 715–722.
Boje, K. M., and Arora, P. K. (1992) Microglia-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death. Brain Res. 587: 250–256.
Chao, C. C., Hu, S., Molitor, T. W., Shaskan, E. G., and Peterson, P. K. (1992) Activated microglia mediate neuronal cell injury via a nitric oxide mechanism. J. Immunol. 149: 2736–2741.
Chao, C. C., Molitor, T. W., and Hu, S. (1993) Neuroprotective role of IL-4 against activated microglia. J. Immunol. 151: 1473–1481.
Peterson, P. K., Hu, S., Anderson, W. R., and Chao, C. C. (1994) Nitric oxide production and neurotoxicity mediated by activated microglia from human versus mouse brain. J. Infect. Dis. 170: 457–460.
Chao, C. C., and Hu, S. (1994) Tumor necrosis factor-a potentiates glutamate neurotoxicity in human fetal brain cell cultures. Dey. Neurosci. 16: 172–179.
Chao, C. C., Gekker, G., Sheng, W. S., Hu, S., Tsang, M., and Peterson, P. K. (1994) Priming effect of morphine on the production of tumor necrosis factor-a by microglia: implications in respiratory burst activity and human immunodeficiency virus-1 expression. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269: 198–203.
Chao, C. C., Gekker, G., Sheng, W. S., Hu, S., Tsang, M., and Peterson, P. K. (1994) Priming effect of morphine on the production of tumor necrosis factor-a by microglia: implications in respiratory burst activity and human immunodeficiency virus-1 expression. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269: 198–203.
Chao, C. C., Hu, S., Kravitz, F. H., Tsang, M., Anderson, W. R., and Peterson, P. K. (1994) Transforming growth factor-flprotects human neurons against ß-amyloid-induced injury. Molec. Chem. Neuropathol. 23: 159–178.
Prehn, J. H., Peruche, B., Unsicker, K., and Kreiglstein, J. (1993) Isoform-specific effects of transforming growth factor-beta on degeneration of primary neuronal cultures induced by cytotoxic hypoxia or glutamate. J. Neurochem. 60: 1665–1672.
Prehn, J. H., Peruche, B., Unsicker, K., and Kreiglstein, J. (1993) Isoform-specific effects of transforming growth factor-beta on degeneration of primary neuronal cultures induced by cytotoxic hypoxia or glutamate. J. Neurochem. 60: 1665–1672.
Chao, C. C., Hu, S., Tsang, M., Weatherbee, J., Molitor, T. W., Anderson, W. R., and Peterson, P. K. (1992) Effects of transforming growth factor-0 on murine astrocyte glutamine synthetase activity: Implications in neuronal injury. J. Clin. Invest. 90: 1786–93.
Chao, C. C., Hu, S., Tsang, M., Weatherbee, J., Molitor, T. W., Anderson, W. R., and Peterson, P. K. (1992) Effects of transforming growth factor-0 on murine astrocyte glutamine synthetase activity: Implications in neuronal injury. J. Clin. Invest. 90: 1786–93.
Chao, C. C., Hu, S., Tsang, M., Weatherbee, J., Molitor, T. W., Anderson, W. R., and Peterson, P. K. (1992) Effects of transforming growth factor-0 on murine astrocyte glutamine synthetase activity: Implications in neuronal injury. J. Clin. Invest. 90: 1786–93.
Chao, C. C., Hu, S., Tsang, M., Weatherbee, J., Molitor, T. W., Anderson, W. R., and Peterson, P. K. (1992) Effects of transforming growth factor-0 on murine astrocyte glutamine synthetase activity: Implications in neuronal injury. J. Clin. Invest. 90: 1786–93.
Choi, D. W., and Visekul, V. (1988) Opioids and non-opioid enantiomers selectively attenuate N-methylD-aspartate neurotoxicity on cortical neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 155: 27–35.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chao, C.C., Hu, S., Peterson, P.K. (1996). Opiates, Glia, and Neurotoxicity. In: Friedman, H., Eisenstein, T.K., Madden, J., Sharp, B.M. (eds) AIDS, Drugs of Abuse, and the Neuroimmune Axis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 402. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0407-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0407-4_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-8038-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0407-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive