Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders in Renal Failure

  • Chapter
Therapy of Renal Diseases and Related Disorders

Abstract

While some of the effects of renal failure on the nervous system have been recognized for many years, it is only since the development of dialysis and kidney transplantation that these conditions have become important topics for study by neurologists and nephrologists. Neurologic problems are no longer regarded only as late or terminal events in the course of uremia; the importance of this recognition is the potential for reversibility with early and adequate treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Biasoli S, D’Andrea G, Feriani M, Chiaramonte S, Fabris A, Ronco C, LaGreca G: Uremic encephalopathy: An updating. Clin Nephrol 25:57–63, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Tyler HR, Tyler KL: Neurologic complications. In: G Eknoyan, JP Knochel, eds, The Systemic Consequences of Renal Failure. Grune and Stratton, Orlando, FL, pp 311–330, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Eschbach JW, Egrie JL, Downing MR, Browne JK, Adamson JW: Correction of the anemia of end-stage renal disease with recombinant erythropoietin. Results of a combined phase I and II clinical trial. N Engl J Med 8:73–78, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ginn HE: Neurobehavioral dysfunction in uremia. Kidney Int 2 (Suppl):217–225, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Raskin NH, Fishman RA: Neurologic disorders in renal failure. N Engl J Med 294:143–148, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Cooper JD, Lazarowitz VC, Arieff AI: Neurodiagnostic abnormalities in patients with acute renal failure. J Clin Invest 61:1448–1455, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bourne JR, Teschan PE: Computer methods: Uremic encephalopathy, and adequacy of dialysis. Kidney Int 24:496–506, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Teschan PE, Ginn HE, Bourne JR, Ward JW, Hamel B, Nunnally JC, Musso M, Vaughn WK: Quantitative indices of clinical uremia. Kidney Int 15:676–697, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kiley JE, Woodfruff MW, Pratt KL: Evaluation of encephalopathy by EEG frequency in chronic dialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 5:245–250, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Akmal M, Goldstein DA, Multani S, Massry SG: Role of uremia, brain calcium, and parathyroid hormone on changes in electroencephalogram in chronic renal failure. Am J Physiol 246:F575–F579, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Mahoney CA, Arieff AI: Central and peripheral nervous system effects of chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 24:170–177, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Perry TL, Yong VW, Kish SJ, Ito M, Foulks JG, Godolphin WJ, Sweeney VP: Neurochemical abnormalities in brains of renal failure patients treated by repeated hemodialysis. J Neurochem 45:1043–1048, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Arieff AI: Neurological complications of uremia. In: BM Brenner, FJ Rector Jr, eds, The Kidney, 2nd ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2306–2343, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  14. English A, Savage RD, Britton PG, Ward MK, Kerr DN: Intellectual impairment in chronic renal failure. Br Med J 1:888–890, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Evans RW, Manninen DL, Garrison LP Jr, Hart LG, Blagg CR, Gutman RA, Hull AR, Lowrie EG: The quality of life of patients with end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 312:553–558, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kjellstrand CM, Neu S: Stoppiong long-term dialysis, an empirical study of withdrawal of life-supporting treatment. N Engl J Med 314:14–20, 1986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ratner DP, Adams KM, Levin MW, Rourke BP: Effect of hemodialysis on the cognitive-motor functioning of the adult chronic hemodialysis patients. J Behav Med 6:291–311, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Cogan MG, Covey CM, Arieff AI: Wisniewski A, Clark OH, Lazarowitz VC, Leach W: Central nervous system manifestations of hyperparathyroidism. Am J Med 65:963–970, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Marin OS, Tyler HR: Hereditary interstitial nephritis associated with polyneuropathy. Neurology 11:999–1105, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hollinrake K, Thomas PK: Electrical and morphological observations on uremic neuropathy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 25:398–399, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Nielsen VK: The peripheral nerve function in chronic renal failure. VI. The relationship between sensory and motor nerve conduction and kidney function, azotemia, age, sex, and clinical neuropathy. Acta Med Scand 194:455–462, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Nielsen VK: The peripheral nerve function in chronic renal failure: A survey. Acta Med Scand 573 (Suppl):l–32, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Asbury AK: Uremic neuropathy. In: PJ Dyck, PK Thomas, EH Lambert, eds, Peripheral Neuropathy. WB Saunders, New York, pp 982–992, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Harriman DGF, Taverner D, Woolfal AL: Ekbom’s syndrome and burning paraethesiae. Brain 93:393–406, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Telstad W, Sorensen O, Larsen S, Lillevold PE, Nyberg-Hansen R, Stensrud P: Treatment of the restless legs syndrome with carbamazepine: A double blind study. Br Med J 288:444–446, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Von Scheele C: Levodopa in restless legs. Lancet 2:426–427, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Spencer PS, Sabri MI, Shaumburg HH, Moore CL: Does a defect of energy metabolism in the nerve fiber underlie axonal degeneration in polyneuropathies? Ann Neurol 5:501–507, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Patten BM: Neuromuscular complications. In: G Eknoyan, JP Knochel, eds, The Systemic Consequences of Renal Failure. Grune and Stratton, Orlando, FL, pp 281–310, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Sterzel RB: Semar M, Lonergan ET, Treser G, Lange K: Relationship of nervous tissue transketolase to the neuropathy in chronic uremia. J Clin Invest 50:2295–2304, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Blagg CR, Kemble F, Taverner D: Nerve conduction velocity in relationship to the severity of renal disease. Nephron 5:290–299, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Fleming LW, Lenman JA, Stewart WK: Effect of magnesium on nerve conduction during regular dialysis treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 35:342–355, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Clements RS, DeJesus PV Jr, Winegrad AI: Raised plasma myoinositol levels in uremia and experimental neuropathy. Lancet 1:1137–1141, 1973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. DeJesus PV Jr, Clements RS Jr, Winegrad AI: Hy-permyoinositolemic polyneuropathy in rats. A possible mechanism for uremic polyneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 21:237–249, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Babb AL, Ahmad S, Bergstrom J, Scribner BH: The middle molecule hypothesis in perspective. Am J Kid Dis 1:46–50, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ahmad S, Babb AL, Milutinovic J, Scribner BH: Effects of residual renal function on minimum dialysis requirements. Proc Eur Dialys Transpl Assoc 16:197–213, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Massry SG: Is parathyroid hormone a uremic toxin? Nephron 19:125–130, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Avram MM, Feinfeld DA, Huatuco AH: Search for the uremic toxin: Decreased motor-nerve conduction velocity and elevated parathyroid hormone in uremia. N Engl J Med 298:1000–1003, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. DiGiulio SD, Chkoff N, Lhoste F, Zingraff J, Drueke T: Parathormone as a nerve poison in uremia. N Engl J Med 299:1134–1135, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Goldstein DA, Chui LA, Massry SG: Effect of parathyroid hormone and uremia on peripheral nerve calcium and motor nerve conduction velocity. J Clin Invest 62:89–93, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Aurbach GD, Patten BM, Bilezikian JP, Mallette LE, Prince A, Engel WK: Neuromuscular disease in primary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Intern Med 80:182–193, 1974.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Mallette LE, Patten BM, Engle WK: Neuromuscular disease in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Intern Med 82;474–483, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. McQuillen MP, Gorin FJ: Serial ulnar nerve conduction velocity measurements in normal subjects. J Neurol Neuro-surg Psychiatry 32:144–148, 1969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kominami N, Tyler HR, Hampers CL, Merrill JP: Variations in motor nerve conduction velocity in normal and uremic patients. Arch Intern Med 128:235–239, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Preswick G, Jeremy D: Subclinical polyneuropathy in renal insufficiency. Lancet 2:731–732, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Versacci AA, Olsen KJ, McBain PB, Nakamoto S, Kolft WJ: Uremic polyneuropathy and nerve conduction velocity. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 10:328–330, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Albertazzi A, DiPaolo B, Capelli P, Spisni C, Del Rosso G: Evoked potentials in uremia. Contr Nephrol 45:60–68, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Ahmad S, Goodman W, Pagel M, Shen F: Accelerated creatinine generation and elevated CPK due to androgens. Proc Clin Dial Transpl Forum 10:174–176, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Thomas PK, Hollinrake K, Lascella RG, O’Sullivan DJ, Baillod RA, Moorhead JF, Mackenzie JC: The polyneuropathy of chronic renal failure. Brain 94:761–780, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Savazzi GM, Marbini A, Gemignani F, Cavatorta A, Govoni E, Bragaglia MM: The peripheral nervous system in dialyzed uremic patients: Regressive motor unit changes. Contr Nephrol 45:42–59, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Zucchelli P, Sturani A, Zucallà A, Santoro A, Degli Esposito E, Chiarini C: Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system in patients with end-stage renal failure. Contr Neurol 45:69–81, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Solders G, Persson A, Gutierrez A: Autonomic dysfunction in non-diabetic terminal uremia. Acta Nephrol Scand 71:321–327, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Campese VM, Romoff MS, Levitan D, Lane K, Massry SG: Mechanisms of autonomic nervous system dysfunction in uremia. Kidney Int 20:246–253, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Charachon R, Moreno-Ribes V, Cordonnier D: Deafness due to renal failure. Clinicopathological study. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac 95:179–203, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Heidbreder E, Schafferhaus K, Heidland H: Autonomic neuropathy in chronic renal insufficiency. Comparative analysis of diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Nephron 41:50–56, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Solders G, Persson A, Wilczek H: Autonomic system dysfunction and polyneuropathy in nondiabetic uremia: A one-year study after renal transplantation. Transplantation 41:616–619, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Lazaro RP, Kirshner HS: Proximal muscle weakness in uremia. Case reports and review of the literature. Arch Neurol 37:555–558, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ahmad S, Golper T, Hirschberg R, Kopple J, Katz L, Kirtin P, Ashbrook D: Efficacy of 1-carnitine in hemodialysis: A multi-center controlled clinical trial (abstract). Am Soc Nephrol:69A 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ahmad S, Hatch M: Hyperoxalemia in renal failure and the role of hemoperfusion and hemodialysis in primary oxalosis. Nephron 41:235–240, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Freeman RM, Lawton RL, Chamberlain MA: Hard-water syndrome. N Engl J Med 276:1113–1118, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Govan JR, Porter CA, Cook JG, Dixon B, Traffor JA: Acute magnesium poisoning as a complication of chronic intermittent haemodialysis. Br Med J 2:278–279, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kenny MA, Casillas E, Ahmad S: Magnesium, calcium, and PTH relationships in dialysis patients after magnesium repletion. Nephron 46:199–205, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Zarate A, Gelfand M, Novello A, Knepshield J, Preuss HG: Propanolol-asociated hypoglycemia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Int J Artif Organs 4:130–134, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Miller JD, Broom J, Smith G: Severe hypoglycaemia due to combined use of parenteral nutrition and renal dialysis. Br Med J 285:9–10, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Fernandez JP, McGinn JT, Hoffman RS: Cerebral edema from blood-brain glucose differences complicating peritoneal dialysis. Second membrane syndrome. NY State J Med 68:677–680, 1968.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Chazan BI: Rees SB: Balodimos MC, Younger D, Ferguson BD: Dialysis in diabetics. JAMA 209:2026–2030, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Jagadha V, Deck JH, Halliday WC, Smyth HS: Wernicke’s encephalopathy in patients on peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis. Ann Neurol 21:78–84, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Faris AA: Wernicke’s encephalopathy in uremia. Neurology 22:1293–1297, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Leonard A, Shapiro FL: Subdural hematoma in regularly hemodialyzed patients. Ann Intern Med 82:650–658, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Nix WA: Coincidence of uremic and hypertensive encephalopathy with chronic subdural hematoma under hemodialysis. Case Report. J Neurosurg Sci 4:257–260, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Onoyama K, Kumagai H, Miishima T, Tsuruda H, Tom-moka S, Motomura K, Fujishima M: Incidence of strokes and its prognosis in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Jpn Heart J 27:685–691, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Alfrey AC: Dialysis encephalopathy. Clin Nephrol 24 (Suppl):S15–S19, 1985.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Alfrey AC, LeGendre GR, Kaehny WD: The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome: Possible aluminum intoxication. N Engl J Med 294:184–188, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Mayor GH, Burnatowska-Hledin M: The metabolism of aluminum and aluminum-related encephalopathy. Semin Nephrol 6:1–4, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Mahoney CA, Arieff AI: Uremic encephalopathies: Clinical, biochemical and experimental features. Am J Kidney Dis 2:324–336, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Dunea G, Mahurkar SD, Mamdami B, Smith EC: Role of aluminum in dialysis dementia. Ann Intern Med 88:502–504, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Scholtz CL, Swash M, Gray A, Kogeorgos J, Marsh F: Neurofibrillary neuronal degeneration in dialysis dementia: A feature of aluminum toxicity. Clin Neuro Pathol 6:93–97, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Wills MR, Savory J: Water content of aluminum, dialysis dementia, and osteomalacia. Environ Health Perspect 63:141–147, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Gasek EM, Babb AL, Uvelli DA, Fry DL, Scribner BH: Dialysis dementia: The role of dialysate pH in altering the dialyzability of aluminum. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 25:409–415, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Bakir AA, Hryhorczuk DO, Berman E, Dunea G: Acute fatal hyperaluminemic encephalopathy in undialyzed and recently dialyzed uremic patients. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 32:171–176, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ackrill P, Day JP: Deferoxamine in the treatment of aluminum overload. Clin Nephrol 24 (Suppl 1):S94–S97, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Blake DR, Winyard P, Lunee J, Williams A, Good PA, Crewes SJ, Gutteridge JMC, Rowley D, Halliwell B, Cornish A, Hicker RC: Cerebral and ocular toxicity induced by desferoxamine. Q J Med 56:345–355, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Weiss B: The behavioral toxicology of metals. Feder Proc 37:22–27, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Savazzi GM, Cusmano F, Degasperi T: Cerebral atrophy in patients on long-term regular hemodialysis treatment. Clin Nephrol 23:89–95, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. McGraw ME, Haka-Ikse K: Neurologic-developmental sequelae of chronic renal failure in infancy. J Pediatr 106: 579–583, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Arieff AI: Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome: Current concepts on pathogenesis. In: GE Schreiner, JF Winchester, eds, Controversies in Nephrology, Georgetown University Press, Washington DC, pp 367–376, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Kennedy AC, Linton AL, Eaton JC, Urea levels in cerebrospinal fluid after haemodialysis. Lancet 1:410–411, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Arieff AI, Massry SG, Barrientos A, Kleeman CR: Brain water and electrolyte metabolism in uremia: Effects of slow and rapid hemodialysis. Kidney Int 4:177–187, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Posner JB, Plum F: Spinal fluid pH and neurologic symptoms in systemic acidosis. N Engl J Med 277:605, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Arieff AI: Massry SG: Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. In: SG Massry, AL Sellers, eds, Clinical Aspects of Uremia and Dialysis. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, pp 34–52, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Hampl H, Klopp HW, Michels N, Mahiout A, Schilling H, Wolfgruber M, Schiller R, Handfeld F, Kessel M: Elec-troencephalographic investigations of the disequilibrium syndrome during bicarbonate and acetate dialysis. Proc Eur Dialys Transpl Assoc 19:351–359, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  91. LaGreca G, Biasioli S, Chiaramonte S, DeHor P, Dettori P, Fabris A, Feriana M, Pinna V, Pisani E, Ronco C: Studies on brain density in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Nephron 31:146–150, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Basil EC, Miller JD, Koles ZJ, Grace M, Ulan RA: The effects of dialysis on brain water and EEG in stable chronic uremia. Am J Kidney Dis 9:462–469, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Holtmann B, Anderson CB: Carpal tunnel syndrome following vascular shunts for hemodialysis. Arch Surg 112:65–66, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Di Raimondo CR, Stone WJ: A beta2m amyloidosis. Int J Artif Organs 10:281–283, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Chanard J, Lavand S, Toupance O, Melin JP, Gillery P, Revillard JP: Beta2-microglobulin-associated amyloidosis in chronic haemodialysis patients. Lancet 1:1212, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Vandenbroucke JM, Jadoul M, Maldague B, Huaux JP, Noel H, vanYpersele de Strihou C: Possible role of dialysis membrane characteristics in amyloid osteoarthropahy. Lancet 1:1210–1211, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Haugelstaine D, Waer M, Michielsen P, Goebols J, Vandeputte M: Haemodialysis membranes, serum beta2-microglobulin, and dialysis amyloidosis. Lancet 1:1211–1212, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Delmez JA, Holtmann B, Sicard GA, Goldberg AP, Harter R: Peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes in chronic hemodialysis patients. Nephron 30:118–123, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Teschan PE: Central and peripheral nervous system in uremia: An overview. Contr Nephrol 45:1–8, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Kiley JE, Hines O: Electroencephalographic evaluation of uremia. Arch Intern Med 116:67–73, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Teschan PE: Measurement of neurobehavioral responses to renal failure, dialysis and transplantation. In: Levy N, ed, Psychonephrology I. Psychological Factors in Hemodialysis and Transplantation. Plenum Press, New York, pp 13–18, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Rossini PM, Pirchio M, Treviso M, Gambi D, DiPaolo B, Albertazzi A: Checkerboard reversal pattern and flash VEPs in dialyzed and non-dialyzed subjects. Elec-troencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 52:435–444, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Anderson RJ, Schafer LA, Olin DB, Eickhoff TC: Infectious risk factors in the immunosuppressed host. Am J Med 54:453–460, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Suhail Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christopher R. Blagg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA

    Wadi N. Suki

  2. Division of Nephrology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Shaul G. Massry

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ahmad, S., Blagg, C.R. (1991). Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders in Renal Failure. In: Suki, W.N., Massry, S.G. (eds) Therapy of Renal Diseases and Related Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0689-4_47

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0689-4_47

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8027-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0689-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation