Abstract
The central catecholamine (CA) neurons in the brain stem and their CNS projections were the first to be described in correlative biochemical and histofluorescent investigations as chemically identified neurotransmitter systems. By combining histofluorescent, autoradiographic, and immunocytochemical methods with biochemical determinations of endogenous levels and activities of the enzymes of synthesis, three types of CA neuronal systems were described in the CNS, according to the monoamine they can synthesize and presumably use as their neurotransmitter, i.e., dopamine (DA; Berger et al, 1974; Hökfelt et al, 1974; Lindvall et al, 1974), noradrenaline (NA; Carlsson et al., 1962; Dahlström and Fuxe, 1964; Fuxe, 1965; Fuxe et al., 1968; Ungerstedt, 1971; Lindvall and Björklund, 1974), and adrenaline (AD; Hökfelt et al, 1973; Van der Gugten et al, 1976; Versteeg et al, 1976; Reader, 1981).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahlquist, R. P., 1948, Study of adrenotropic receptors, Am. J. Physiol. 153:586–600.
Alexander, R. W., Davis, J. N., and Lefkowitz, R. J., 1975, Direct identification and characterization of ß- adrenergic receptors in rat brain, Nature 258:437–440.
Armstrong-James, M., and Fox, K., 1983, Effects of iontophoresed noradrenaline on the spontaneous activity of neurones in cat primary somatosensory cortex, J. Physiol. (London) 335:427–447.
Barlow, R. B., 1983, Line fitting by least-squares: Expressions solved by iterations, in: Biodata Handling with Microcomputers, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 114–185.
Beaudet, A., and Descarries, L., 1984, Fine structure of monoamine axon terminals in cerebral cortex, in: Monoamine Innervation of the Cerebral Cortex (L. Descarries, T. A. Reader, and H. H. Jasper, eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 77–93.
Beauregard, M., and Ferron, A., 1986, Neuronal responsiveness to biogenic amines and GABA in rat cingulate vs. parietal cortex: Comparative microiontophoretic study, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 12:1517.
Berger, B., Tassin, J.-P., Blanc, G., Moyne, M. A., and Thierry, A. M., 1974, Histochemical confirmation for dopaminergic innervation of the rat cerebral cortex after destruction of the noradrenergic ascending pathway, Brain Res. 81:332–337.
Berger, B., Verney, C, Alvarez, C, Vigny, A., and Helle, K. B., 1985, New dopaminergic terminal fields in the motor, visual (area 18b) and retrosplenial cortex in the young and adult rat: Immunocytochemical and catecholamine histochemical analyses, Neuroscience 15:983–998.
Berthelsen, S., and Pettinger, W. A., 1977, A functional basis for the classification of alpha-adrenergic receptors, Life Sei. 21:595.
Brière, R., Sherwin, A. L., Robitaille, Y., Olivier, A., Quesney, L. F., and Reader, T. A., 1986, α-1 adrenoceptors are decreased in human epileptic foci, Ann. Neurol. 19:26–30.
Bylund, D. B., 1985, Heterogeneity of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 22:835–843.
Bylund, D. B., and Snyder, S. H., 1976, Beta adrenergic receptor binding in membrane preparations from mammalian brain, Mol. Pharmacol. 12:568–580.
Bylund, D. B., and U’Prichard, D. C., 1983, Characterization of αl- and α2- adrenergic receptors, Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 24:343–431.
Carlsson, A., Falck, B., and Hillarp, N.-A., 1962, Cellular localization of brain monoamines, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 196:1–28.
Cedarbaum, J. M., and Aghajanian, G. K., 1976, Noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus: Inhibition by epinephrine 0and activation by the a-antagonist piperoxan, Brain Res. 112:413–419.
Curtis, D. R., 1964, Microelectrophoresis, in: Physical Techniques in Biological Research, Vol. 5(W. L. Nastuk, ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 144–190.
Dahlström, A., and Fuxe, K., 1964, Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system I. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons, Acta Physiol. Scand. 62(Suppl. 232): 1–55.
Dausse, J. P., Le Quan-Bui, K. H., and Meyer, P., 1982, Effect of neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment on alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in rat cerebral cortex, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 4:S86–S90.
Dausse, J. P., Guicheney, P., Diop, L., and Meyer, P., 1984, Caractérisation biochimique des récepteurs alpha- adrénergiques centraux, J. Pharmacol. 15(Suppl. l):23–33.
Debets, H. J. G., 1985, Optimization methods for HPLC, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 8:2725–2780.
Chapleo, C. B., Doxey, J. C., Myers, P. L., and Roach, A. G., 1981, RX81094, a new potent, selective antagonist at a2-adrenoceptors, Br. J. Pharmacol. 74:942p.
de Montigny, C, and Aghajanian, G. K., 1978, Tricyclic antidepressants: Long-term treatment increases respon- sivity of rat forebrain neurons to serotonin, Science 202:1301–1306.
de Montigny, C, Wang, R. Y., Reader, T. A., and Aghajanian, G. K., 1980, Monoaminergic denervation of the rat hippocampus: Microiontophoretic studies on pre- and postsynaptic supersensitivity to norepinephrine and serotonin, Brain Res. 200:363–376.
Descarries, L., and Lapierre, Y., 1973, Noradrenergic axon terminals in the cerebral cortex of the rat. I. Radioautographic visualization after topical application of dl-[3H]norepinephrine, Brain Res. 51:141–160.
Descarries, L., Watkins, K. C., and Lapierre, Y., 1977, Noradrenergic axon terminals in the cerebral cortex of rat. III. Topometric ultrastructural analysis, Brain Res. 133:197–222.
Descarries, L., Lemay, B., Doucet, G., and Berger, B., 1987, Regional and laminar density of the dopamine innervation in adult rat cerebral cortex, Neuroscience 21:807–824.
Diop, L., Dausse, J. P., and Meyer, P., 1983, Specific binding of pHlrauwolscine to alpha2-adrenoceptors in rat cerebral cortex: Comparison between crude and synaptosomal plasma membranes, J. Neurochem. 41:710–715.
Diop, L., Brière, R., Grondin, L., and Reader, T. A., 1987, Adrenergic receptor and catecholamine distribution in rat cerebral cortex: Binding studies with [3H]prazosin, [3H]idazoxan and [3H]dihydroalprenolol, Brain Res. 402:403–408.
Dolphin, C. A., and Greengard, P., 1981, Neurotransmitter and neuromodulator-dependent alterations in phos-phorylation of protein I in slices of rat facial nucleus, J. Neurosci. 1:192–203.
Draper, N. R., and Smith, H., 1966, Applied Regression Analysis, Wiley, New York.
Feldman, H. A., 1972, Mathematical theory of complex ligand-binding systems at equilibrium: Some methods for parameter fitting, Anal. Biochem. 48:317–338.
Foote, S. L., Freedman, R., and Oliver, A. P., 1975, Effects of putative neurotransmitters on neuronal activity in monkey auditory cortex, Brain Res. 86:229–242.
Freedman, J., and Aghajanian, G. K., 1984, Idazoxan (RX 781094) selectively antagonizes a2–adrenoceptors on rat central neurons, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 105:265–272.
Fuxe, K., 1965, Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. IV. Distribution of monoamine terminals in the central nervous system, Acta Physiol. Scand. 64(Suppl. 247):37–85.
Fuxe, K., Hamberger, B., and Hökfelt, T., 1968, Distribution of noradrenaline nerve terminals in cortical areas of the rat, Brain Res. 8:125–131.
Gadie, B., Lane, A. C., McCarthy, P. S., Tulloch, I. F., and Walter, D. S., 1984, 2–Alkyl analogues of idazoxan (RX 781094) with enhanced antagonist potency and selectivity at central alpha2–adrenoceptors in the rat, Br. J. Pharmacol. 83:707–712.
Geller, H. M., and Woodward, D. J., 1972, An improved constant current source for microiontophoretic drug application studies, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 33:430–432.
Glossman, H., and Presek, P., 1979, Alpha-noradrenergic receptors in brain membranes: Sodium, magnesium and guanylnucleotides modulate agonist binding, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 306:67–73.
Greengard, P., and Kebabian, J. W., 1974, Role of cyclic AMP in the mammalian peripheral nervous system, Fed. Proc. 33:1059–1067.
Henry, J. L., and Yashpal, K., 1984, A simple device for rapidly obtaining slices of fresh brain, Brain Res. Bull. 13:195–197.
Hill, A. V., 1910, The possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of hemoglobins on its dissociation curves, J. Physiol.(London) 40:iv–vii.
Hökfelt, T., Fuxe, K., Goldstein, M., and Johansson, O., 1973, Evidence for adrenaline neurons in the rat brain, Acta Physiol. Scand. 89:286–288.
Hökfelt, T., Fuxe, K., Johansson, O., and Ljundhal, Å., 1974, Pharmacohistochemical evidence for the existence of dopamine nerve terminals in the limbic cortex, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 25:108–112.
Hornung, R., Presek, P., and Glossmann, H, 1979, Alpha adrenoceptors in rat brain: Direct identification with prazosin, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 308:223–230.
Itakura, T., Kasamatsu, T., and Pettigrew, J. D., 1981, Norepinephrine-containing terminals in kitten visual cortex: Laminar distribution in ultrastructure, Neuroscience 6:159–175.
Jones, B. E., Harper, S. T., and Halaris, A. E., 1977, Effects of locus coeruleus lesions upon cerebral monoamine content, sleep-wakefulness states and the response to amphetamine in the cat, Brain Res. 124:473–496.
Jones, L. S., Gauger, L. L., and Davis, J. N., 1985, Anatomy of brain alphai-adrenergic receptors: In vitro autoradiography with [125I]-Heat, J. Comp. Neurol. 231:190–208.
Jordan, L. M., Lake, N., and Phillis, J. W., 1972, Mechanism of noradrenaline depression of cortical neurones: A species comparison, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 20:381–384.
Kehr, W., Lindqvist, M., and Carlsson, A., 1976, Distribution of dopamine in the rat cerebral cortex, J. Neural Transm. 38:173–180.
Keller, R., Oke, A., Mefford, I., and Adams, R. N., 1976, Liquid chromatographic analysis of catecholamines: Routine assay for regional brain mapping, Life Sci. 19:995–1004.
Klotz, I. M., 1982, Numbers of receptor sites from Scatchard graphs: Facts and fantasies, Science 217:1247–1249.
Kolta, A., Diop, L., and Reader, T. A., 1987, Noradrenergic effects on rat visual cortex: Single-cell microion-tophoretic studies of alpha–2 adrenergic receptors, Life Sei. 41:281–289.
König, J. F. R., and Klippel, R. A., 1963, The Rat Brain: A Stereotaxic Atlas, Krieger, New York.
Krnjevié, K., 1964, Microiontophoretic studies on cortical neurons, Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 7:41–98.
Krnjevié, K., 1974, Chemical nature of synaptic transmission in vertebrates, Physiol. Rev. 54:418–540.
Krnjevié, K., 1984, Monoamine receptors in cortex: An introduction, in: Monoamine Innervation of the Cerebral Cortex (L. Descarries, T. A. Reader, and H. H. Jasper, eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 125–133.
Krnjevié, K., and Phillis, J. W., 1963, Actions of certain amines on cerebral cortical neurones, Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 20:471–490.
Lakhdar-Ghazal, N., Grondin, L., Bengelloun, W. A., and Reader, T. A., 1986, Alpha-adrenoceptors and mono¬amine contents in the cerebral cortex of the rodent Jaculus orientalis: Effects of acute cold exposure, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 25:903–911.
Lands, A. M., Arnold, A., McAuliff, J. P., Ludeiia, F. P., and Brown, T. G., 1967, Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathomimetic amines, Nature 214:597–598.
Langer, S. Z., 1974, Presynaptic regulation of catecholamine release, Biochem. Pharmacol. 23:1793–1800.
Lapierre, Y., Beaudet, A., Demianczuk, N., and Descarries, L., 1973, Noradrenergic axon terminals in the cerebral cortex of rat. II. Quantitative data revealed by light and electron microscope radioautography of the frontal cortex, Brain Res. 63:174–182.
Lefkowitz, R. J., Stadel, J. M., and Caron, M. G., 1983, Adenylate cyclase-coupled beta–adrenergic receptors: Structure and mechanisms of activation and desensitization, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52:159–186.
Leibowitz, S. F., Jhanwar-Uniyal, M., Dvorkin, B., and Makman, H. M., 1982, Distribution of alpha-adrenergic, beta-adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors in discrete hypothalamic areas of rat, Brain Res. 233:97–114.
Levitt, P., and Moore, R. Y., 1978, Noradrenaline neuron innervation of the neocortex in the rat, Brain Res. 139:219–231.
Lindvall, O., and Björklund, A., 1974, The organization of the ascending catecholamine neuron systems in the rat brain as revealed by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl 412:1–48.
Lindvall, O., Björklund, A., Moore, R. Y., and Stenevi, U., 1974, Mesencephalic dopamine neurons projecting to neocortex, Brain Res. 81:325–331.
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., and Randall, R. J., 1951, Protein measurements with Folin phenol reagent, J. Biol. Chem. 193:265–275.
Mefford, I. N., 1981, Application of high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection to neurochemical analysis: Measurement of catecholamines, serotonin and metabolites in rat brain, J. Neurosci. Methods 3:207–224.
Miach, P. J., Dausse, J. P., and Meyer, P., 1978, Direct biochemical demonstration of two types of alpha-adrenoceptor in rat brain, Nature 274:492–494.
Minneman, K. P., Hegstrand, L. R., and Molinoff, P. B., 1979, Simultaneous determination of beta-1 and beta-adrenergic receptors in tissues containing both receptor subtypes, Mol. Pharmacol. 16:34–46.
Morrison, J. H., Molliver, M. E., Grzanna, R., and Coyle, J. T., 1979, Noradrenergic innervation patterns in three regions of medical cortex: An immunofluorescence characterization, Brain Res. Bull. 4:849–857.
Morrison, J. H., Foote, S. L., and Bloom, F. E., 1984, Regional, laminar, developmental and functional characteristics of noradrenaline and serotonin innervation patterns in monkey cortex, in: Monoamine Innervation of the Cerebral Cortex (L. Descarries, T. A. Reader, and H. H. Jasper, eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 61–75.
Munson, P. J., and Rodbard, D., 1980, LIGAND: A versatile computerized approach for characterization of ligand-binding systems, Anal. Biochem. 107:220–239.
Olpe, H.-R., Glatt, A., Laszlo, J., and Schellenberg, A., 1980, Some electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of the cortical noradrenergic projection of the locus coeruleus in the rat, Brain Res. 186:9–19.
Palacios, J. M., and Kuhar, M. J., 1982, Beta adrenergic receptor localization in rat brain by light microscopic autoradiography, Neurochem. Int. 4:473–490.
Palkovits, M., Zaborsky, L., Brownstein, M. J., Fekete, M. I. K., Herman, J. P., and Kanyicska, B., 1979, Distribution of norepinephrine and dopamine in cerebral cortical areas of rat brain, Brain Res. Bull. 4:593–601.
Parker, R. B., and Waud, D. R., 1971, Pharmacological estimation of drug-receptor dissociation constants: Statistical evaluation. I. Agonists, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 177:1–12.
Phillis, J. W., 1984, Microiontophoretic studies of cortical biogenic amines, in: Monoamine Innervation of the Cerebral Cortex (L. Descarries, T. A. Reader, and H. H. Jasper, eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 175–194.
Phillis, J. W., Lake, N., and Yarbrough, G., 1973, Calcium mediation of the inhibitory effects of biogenic amines on cerebral cortical neurones, Brain Res. 53:465–469.
Pimoule, C, Scatton, B., and Langer, S. Z., 1983, [3H] RX 781094: A new antagonist ligand labels α2-adrenoceptors in the rat brain cortex, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 95:79–85.
Rainbow, T. C., and Biegon, A., 1983, Quantitative autoradiography of [3H]prazosin binding in rat forebrain, Neurosci. Lett. 40:221–226.
Rainbow, T. C., Parsons, B., and Wolfe, B. B., 1984, Quantitative autoradiography of al- and a2-adrenergic receptors in rat brain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:1585–1589.
Reader, T. A., 1978a, A simplified method of preparing and filling multibarrelled glass microelectrodes, Brain Res. Bull. 3:719–720.
Reader, T. A., 1978b, The effects of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in the visual cortex of the cat, Experientia 34:1586–1587.
Reader, T. A., 1980a, Microiontophoresis of biogenic amines on cortical neurons: Amounts of NA, DA and 5–HT ejected, compared with tissue content, Acta Physiol. Lat. Am. 30:291–304.
Reader, T. A., 1980b, Serotonin distribution in rat cerebral cortex; radioenzymatic assays with thin-layer chro-matography, Brain Res. Bull. 5:609–613.
Reader, T. A., 1981, Distribution of catecholamines and serotonin in the rat cerebral cortex: Absolute levels and relative proportions, J. Neural Transm. 50:13–27.
Reader, T. A., 1983, The role of cortical catecholamine in neuronal excitability, in: Basic Mechanisms of Neuronal Hyperexcitability (H. H. Jasper and N. M. van Gelder, eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 281–321.
Reader, T. A., and Brière, R., 1983, Long–term unilateral noradrenergic denervation; Monoamine content and [3H]-prazosin binding sites in rat neocortex, Brain Res. Bull. 11:687–692.
Reader, T. A., and Quesney, L. F., 1986, Dopamine in the visual cortex of the cat, Experientia 42:1242–1244.
Reader, T. A., De Champlain, J., and Jasper, H. H., 1976, Catecholamines released from cerebral cortex in the cat: Decrease during sensory stimulation, Brain Res. 111:95–103.
Reader, T. A., Ferron, A., Descarries, L., and Jasper, H. H., 1979a, Modulatory role for biogenic amines in the cerebral cortex: Microiontophoretic studies, Brain Res. 160:217–229.
Reader, T. A., Masse, P., and De Champlain, J., 1979b, The intracortical distribution of endogenous biogenic amines in the cerebral cortex of the cat, Brain Res. 177:499–513.
Reader, T. A., Brière, R., and Grondin, L., 1986a, Alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor binding in cerebral cortex; role of disulfide and sulfhydryl groups, Neurochem. Res. 11:9–27.
Reader, T. A., Brière, R., and Grondin, L., 1987, Alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor binding in cerebral cortex: Competition studies with [3H]prazosin and [3H]idazoxan, J. Neural Transm. 68:79–95.
Reader, T. A., Brière, R., Grondin, L., and Ferron, A., 1986c, Effects of p-chlorophenylalanine on cortical monoamines and on the activity of noradrenergic neurons, Neurochem. Res. 11:1025–1035.
Reiner, P. B., 1985, Clonidine inhibits central noradrenergic neurons in unanesthetized cats, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 115:249–257.
Sabol, S. L., and Nirenberg, M., 1979, Regulation of adenylate cyclase of neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells by a-adrenergic receptors, J. Biol. Chem. 254:1913–1920.
Sakurai, S., Wada, A., Izumi, F., Kobayashi, H., and Yanagihara, N., 1983, Inhibition by a2-adrenoceptor agonists of the secretion of catecholamines from isolated medullary cells, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 324:15–19.
Salmoiraghi, G. C., and Weight, F. F., 1967, Micromethods in*iieuropharmacology: An approach to the study of anesthetics, Anesthesiology 28:54–64.
Sawaguchi, T., Matsumura, M., and Kubota, K., 1986, Catecholamine sensitivities of motor cortical neurons of the monkey, Neurosci. Lett. 66:135–140.
Scatchard, G., 1949, The attractions of proteins for small molecules and ions, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sei. 51:660–672.
Slopsema, J. S., Van der Gugten, J., and De Bruin, J. P. C., 1982, Regional concentrations of noradrenaline and dopamine in the frontal cortex of the rat: Dopaminergic innervation of the prefrontal subareas and lateralization of prefrontal dopamine, Brain Res. 250:197–200.
Starke, K., 1977, Regulation of noradrenaline release by presynaptic receptor systems, Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 77:1–124.
Starke, K., 1981, Alpha-adrenoceptor subclassification, Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 88:199–236.
Stone, T. W., and Taylor, D. A., 1977, The nature of adrenoceptors in the guinea pig cerebral cortex: A microiontophoretic study, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 55:1400–1404.
Stone, T. W., Taylor, D. A., and Bloom, F. E., 1975, Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP may mediate opposite neuronal responses in the rat cerebral cortex, Science 187:845–846.
Struyker-Baudier, H. A. J., Sweets, G., Browner, G., and van Rossum, J. H., 1974, Central and peripheral adrenergic activity of imidazoline derivatives, Life Sci. 15:887–899.
Sutin, J., and Minneman, K. P., 1985, al- and ß-adrenergic receptors are coregulated during both noradrenergic denervation and hyperinnervation, Neuroscience 14:973–980.
Thierry, A. M., Blanc, G., Sobel, A., Stinus, L., and Glowinski, J., 1973, Dopaminergic terminals in the rat cortex, Science 182:499–501.
Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., and Van Zwieten, P. A. 1982, a2-Adrenoceptors: Classification, localization, mechanisms and targets for drugs, J. Med. Chem. 25:1389–1401.
Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., Lam, E., and Van Zwieten, P. A., 1979, The interaction between prazosin and Clonidine at a-adrenoceptors in rats and cats, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 55:57–65.
Törk, I., and Turner, S., 1981, Histochemical evidence for a catecholaminergic (presumably dopaminergic) projection from the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum to visual cortex in the cat, Neurosci. Lett. 24:215–219.
Unnerstall, J. R., Fernandez, I., and Oressanz, L. M., 1985, The alpha adrenergic receptor: Radiohistochemical analysis of functional characteristics and biochemical differences, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 22:859–874.
Ungerstedt, U., 1971, Stereotaxic mapping of the monoamine pathways in the rat brain, Acta Physiol. Scand. 82(Suppl. 367): 1–48.
U’Prichard, D. C., 1984, Biochemical characterization and regulation of brain alpha2-adrenoceptors, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sei. 430:55–75.
U’Prichard, D. C., Bechtel, W. D., Rouot, B. M., and Snyder, S. H., 1979, Multiple apparent alpha-noradrenergic receptor binding sites in rat brain: Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine, Mol. Pharmacol. 16:47–60.
Van der Gugten, J., Palkovits, M., Wijnen, H. L. J. M., and Versteeg, D. H. G., 1976, Regional distribution of adrenaline in rat brain, Brain Res. 107:171–175.
Versteeg, D. H. G., Van der Gugten, J., De Jong, W., and Palkovits, M., 1976, Regional concentrations of noradrenaline and dopamine in rat brain, Brain Res. 113:563–574.
Videen, T., Daw, N., and Rader, R., 1984, The effect of noradrenaline on visual cortical neurons in kittens and adult cats, J. Neurosci. 4:1607–1617.
Wamsley, J. K., 1984, Autoradiographic localization of cortical biogenic amine receptors, in: Monoamine Innervation of the Cerebral Cortex (L. Descarries, T. A. Reader, and H. H. Jasper, eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 153–174.
Waterhouse, B. D., and Woodward, D. J., 1980, Interaction of norepinephrine with cerebrocortical activity evoked by stimulation of somatosensory afferent pathways in the rat, Exp. Neurol. 67:11–34.
Waterhouse, B. D., Moises, H. C., and Woodward, D. J., 1980, Noradrenergic modulation of somatosensory cortical neuronal responses to iontophoretically applied putative neurotransmitters, Exp. Neurol. 69:30–49.
Westerink, B. H. C., and De Vries, J. B., 1985, On the origin of dopamine and its metabolite in predominantly noradrenergic innervated brain areas, Brain Res. 330:164–166.
Wood, C. L., Arnett, C. D., Clarke, W. R., Tsai, B. S., and Lefkowitz, R. J., 1979, Subclassification of alpha–adrenergic receptors by direct binding studies, Biochem. Pharmacol. 28:1277–1282.
Woodward, D. J., Moises, H., Waterhouse, B., Hoffer, B., and Freedman, R., 1979, Modulatory actions of norepinephrine in the CNS, Fed. Proc. 38:2109–2116.
Young, W. S., III, and Kuhar, M. J., 1980, Noradrenergic α-1 and α-2 receptors: Light microscopic auto-radiographic localization, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:1696–1700.
Zivin, J. A., and Waud, D. R., 1982, How to analyse binding, enzyme and uptake data: The simplest case, a single phase, Life Sci. 30:1407–1422.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reader, T.A., Ferron, A., Diop, L., Kolta, A., Brière, R. (1988). The Heterogeneity of the Catecholamine Innervation of Cerebral Cortex. In: Avoli, M., Reader, T.A., Dykes, R.W., Gloor, P. (eds) Neurotransmitters and Cortical Function. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0925-3_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0925-3_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8248-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0925-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive