Skip to main content

Prolactin-Secreting Tumors

  • Chapter
The Pituitary Gland

Part of the book series: Clinical Surveys in Endocrinology ((CSED,volume 1))

  • 232 Accesses

Abstract

Prolactin-secreting tumors are the most frequently encountered pituitary disorders in clinical practice. The realization that nearly 40% of so-called nonse- cretory and functionless pituitary tumors actually contain prolactin was an exciting one.1 This realization in conjunction with the development of a sensitive immunoassay for prolactin, the emergence of high-quality computed tomography (CT), and the discovery of dopamine agonist drugs has resulted

Table 75 Spectrum of Hyperprolactinemia

in a remarkably rapid growth in the understanding of prolactin-related disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Peake GT, McKeel DW, Jarett L, et al: Ultrastructural, histologic and hormonal characterisation of a prolactin rich human pituitary tumour. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 29:1383, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lloyd HM, Meares JD, Jacobi J: Effects of oestrogen and bromocriptine on in vivo secretion and mitosis in prolactin cells. Nature (Lond) 255:497, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Phelps C, Bartke A: Effect of chronic hyperprolactinemia on tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons: Histofluorescence in male rats. In MacLeod RM, Thorner MO, Scapagnini U (eds): Prolactin. Basic and Clinical Correlates. Liviana, Padova, 1985, p. 615.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Franks S: Regulation of prolactin secretion by oestrogens: Physiological and pathological significance. Clin Sci 65:457, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Davis JRE, Selby C, Jeffcoate WJ: Oral contraceptive agents do not affect serum prolactin in normal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 20:427, 1984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Weiner RI, Elias KA, Monnet F: The role of vascular changes in the etiology of prolactin secreting anterior pituitary tumors. In MacLeod RM, Thorner MO, Scapagnini U (eds): Prolactin: Basic and Clinical Correlates. Livana, Padova, 1985, p. 641.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kovacs K, Korvath E, Cornblum B, et al: Pituitary chromophobe adenomas consisting of prolactin cells: A histologic, immunocytological and electron microscopic study. Virchows Arch [A] 366:113, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kovacs K: Morphology of prolactin producing adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 6:71s, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Forbes AP, Henneman PH, Griswold GC, et al: Syndrome characterized by galactorrhea, amenorrhea and low urinary FSH: Comparison with acromegaly and normal lactation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 14:265, 1954.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Frommel R: Uber puerpale Atrophie des Uterus. Z Geburtsh Gynakol 7:305, 1882.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Franks S, Murray MAF, Jequier AM, et al: Incidence and significance of hyperprolactinemia in women with amenorrhea. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 4:597, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jacobs HW, Hull MGR, Murray MAF, et al: Therapy-oriented diagnosis of secondary amenorrhea. Horm Res 6:268, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Frantz AG, Kleinberg DL, Noel GL: Studies on prolactin in man. Recent Prog Horm Res 28:527, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Franks S, Nabarro JDN, Jacobs HS: Prevalence and presentation of hyperprolactinemia in patients with “functionless” pituitary tumors. Lancet 1:778, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Haesslein HC, Lamb EJ: Pituitary tumors in patients with secondary amenorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 125:759, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Biller BJ, Boyd AE III, Moltich M, et al: Clinical features of pituitary tumors: Galactorrheasyndromes. In Post KD, Jackson IMD, Reichlin S (eds): Pituitary Adenoma Update. Plenum, New York, 1981, p. 65.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Besser GM, Wass JAH, Grossman A, et al: Clinical and therapeutic aspects of hyperprolactinemia. In MacLeod RM, Thorner MO, Scapagnini U (eds): Prolactin. Basic and Clinical Correlates. Liviana, Padova, 1985, p. 833.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Quigley ME, Sheehan KL, Casper RF, et al: Evidence for an increased opioid inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion in hyperprolactinaemic patients with pituitary microadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50:427, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Grossman A, Moult PJA, Mclntyre H, et al: Opiate mediation of amenorrhoea in hyperprolactinaemia and in weight-loss related amenorrhoea. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 17:379, 1982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Thorner MO, Besser GM: Bromocriptine treatment of hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism, Acta Endocrinol (Suppl 216) (Copenh) 88:131, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Thorner MO: Prolactin. In Besser GM (ed): Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism. Vol. 6. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1977, p. 201.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Jacobs HS, Franks S, Murray MAF, et al: Clinical and endocrine features of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 5:439, 1976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Molitch ME, Reichlin S: The amenorrhea, galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia syndromes. In Stollerman GH (ed): Advances in Internal Medicine. Year Book Medical, Chicago, 1980, pp. 37–60.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Lavric MV: Breast secretion in nulligravid women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 112:1139, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Shevach AB, Spellacy WN: Galactorrhea and contraceptive practices. Obstet Gynecol 38:286, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hardy J, Beauregard H, Robert F: Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: Transsphenoidal microsurgical treatment. In Robyn C, Harter M (eds): Progress in Prolactin Physiology and Pathology. Elsevier, New York, 1978, p. 361.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Carter JN, Tyson JE, Tolis G, et al: Prolactin-secreting tumors and hypogonadism in 22 men. N Engl J Med 299:847, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ambrosi B, Rosella B, Travaglini P, et al: Study of the effect of bromocriptine on sexual impotence. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 7:417, 1977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Skrabanek P, McDonald D, deValera E, et al: Plasma prolactin in amenorrhea, infertility and other disorders: A retrospective study of 608 patients. Ir J Med Sci 149:236, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Spark RF, White RA, Connolly PB: Impotence is not always psychogenic. JAMA 243:750, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Segal S, Yaffee H, Laufer N, et al: Male hyperprolactinemia: Effects on fertility. Fertil Steril 32:556, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Boyd AE III, Hamilton D, Murray BG, et al: Medical management of prolactinomas. II. In Black PM, Zervas NT, Ridgway EC, et al (eds): Secretory Tumors of the Pituitary Gland. Progress in Endocrine Research and Therapy. Vol 1. Raven, New York, 1984, p. 65.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Thorner MO, Edwards CRW, Hanker JP, et al: Prolactin and gonadotropin interaction in the male. In Troen P, Nankin H (eds): The Testis in Normal and Infertile Men. Raven, New York, 1977, pp. 351–366.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kleinberg DL, Noel GL, Frantz AG: Galactorrhea: 235 cases including 48 with pituitary tumors. N Engl J Med 296:589, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bassi F, Guisti G, Borsi L, et al: Plasma androgens in women with hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 5:61, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Molitch ME, Reichlin S: Hypothalamic hyperprolactinemia: Neuroendocrine regulation of prolactin secretion in patients with lesions of the hypothalamus and pituitary stalk. In MacLeod RM, Thorner MO, Scapagnini U (eds): Prolactin. Basic and Clinical Correlates. Liviana, Padova, 1985, p. 709.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Johnston DG, Haigh J, Prescott RWG, et al: Prolactin secretion and biological activity in females with galactorrhoea and normal circulating prolactin concentrations at rest. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 22:661, 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. VanWyk JJ, Grumbach MM: Syndrome of precocious menstuation and galactorrhea in juvenile hypothyroidism. An example of hormonal overlap in pituitary feedback. J Pediatr 57:416, 1960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Honbo KS, Van herle AJ, Kellett KA, et al: Serum prolactin levels in untreated primary hypothyroidism. Am J Med 64:782, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Contreras P, Generini G, Michelsen H, et al: Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea: Spontaneous versus iatrogenic hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:1036, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kapcala LP: Galactorrhea and thyrotoxicosis. Arch Intern Med 144:2349, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Tourniaire J, Trouillas J, Chalendar D, et al: Somatotropic adenoma manifested by galactorrhea without acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:451, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Taylor S: High resolution computed tomography of the sella. Radiol Clin North Am 20:207, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Wolpert SM: The radiology of pituitary adenomas. Semin Roentgenol 19:53, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Gardeur D, Naidich TP, Metzger J: CT analysis of intrasellar pituitary adenomas with emphasis on patterns of contrast enhancement. Neuroradiology 20:241, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hsu T-H, Shapiro JR, Tyson JE, et al: Hyperprolactinemia associated with empty sella syndrome. JAMA 235:2002, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Badawy SZA, Nusbaum ML, Omar M: Hypothalamic-pituitary evaluation in patients with galactorrhea-amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Obstet Gynecol 55:1, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Gharib H, Frey HM, Laws ER Jr, et al: Coexistent primary empty sella syndrome and hyperprolactinemia: Report of 11 cases. Arch Intern Med 143:1383, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Haney AF, Kramer RS, Wiebe RH, et al: Hypothalamic-pituitary function and radiographic evaluation of women with hyperprolactinemia and an empty sella turcica. Am J Obstet Gynecol 134:917, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Futterweit W: Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and pseudotumor cerebri in a patient with primary empty sella syndrome: Case report with review of the literature. Mt Sinai J Med 49:514, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Dominque JN, Wing SD, Wilson CB: Coexisting pituitary adenomas and partially empty sellas. J Neurosurg 48:23 ,1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Swanson JA, Sherman BM, Van Gilder JC, et al: Coexistent empty sella and prolactinsecreting microadenoma. Obstet Gynecol 53:258, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Archer DF, Maroon JC, DuBois PJ: Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and an empty sella. Obstet Gynecol 52(Suppl):23, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Jones JR, DeHempel PAC, Kemmann E, et al: Galactorrhea and amenorrhea in a patient with an empty sella. Obstet Gynecol 49:S9, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Gomez F, Reyes F, Faiman C: Nonpuerperal galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Am J Med 62:648, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Archer DF, Spring JW, Nankin HR, et al: Pituitary and gonadotrophin response in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. Fertil Steril 27:1158, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Aono T, Myake T, Shiroji T, et al: Impaired LH release following exogenous estrogen administration in patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42:696, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Mortimer CH, Besser GH, McNeilly AD, et al: Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone releasing hormone test in patients with hypothalamic pituitary gonadal dysfunction. Br Med J 4:73, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Wiebe RH, Hammond CB, Borchert LG: Diagnosis of prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126:993, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lackelin GCL, Abu-Fadil S, Yen SSC: Functional delineation of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 44:1163, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Van Campenhout J, Papas S, Blanchet P: Pituitary responses to synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in thirty-four cases of amenorrhea or oligo-amenorrhea associated with galactorrhea. Am] Obstet Gynecol 127:723, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Zarate Z, Jacobs LS, Canales ES: Functional evaluation of pituitary reserve in patients with the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome utilizing luteinizing releasing hormone (LH-RH), L-dopa and chlorpromazine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37:855, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Chang RJ, Keye WR, Young JR, et al: Detection, evaluation and treatment of pituitary microadenomas in patients with galactorrhea and amenorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128:357, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Lamberts SWJ, Birkenhäger JC, Kwa HG: Basal and TRH-stimulated prolactin in patients with pituitary tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 5:709, 1976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Barbarino A, de Marinis L, Menini E, et al: Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: Prolactin dynamics before and after transsphenoidal surgery. Acta Endocrinol (Kbh) 91:397, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Cowden EA, Ratcliffe JG, Thomson JA, et al: Tests of prolactin secretion in diagnosis of prolactinomas. Lancet 1:1155, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Healy DL, Pepperell RJ, Stockdale J, et al: Pituitary autonomy in hyperprolactinemic secondary amenorrhea: Results of hypothalamic-pituitary testing. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 44:809, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Jeske W: The effect of metoclopramide, TRH and L-dopa on prolactin secretion in pituitary adenoma and in “functional” galactorrheoea syndrome. Acta Endocrinol (Kbh) 91:385, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Schlechte JA, Sherman BM: Abnormal regulation of prolactin secretion after successful surgery for prolactin-secreting pituitary tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 15:165, 1981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Frantz AG: Endocrine diagnosis of prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors. In Black PM, Zervas NT, Ridgway EC, et al. (eds): Secretory Tumors of the Pituitary Gland. Progress in Endocrine Research and Therapy. Vol 1. Raven, New York, 1984, p. 45.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Fine SA, Frohman LA: Loss of central nervous system component of dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin secretion in patients with prolactin secreting pituitary tumors. J Clin Invest 61:973, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Crosignani PG, Ferrari C, Malinverni A, et al: Effect of central nervous system dopaminergic activation on prolactin secretion in man: Evidence for a common central defect in hyperprolactinemic patients with and without radiological signs of pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:1068, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Genazzani ZR, De Leo V, Murru S, et al: Dynamic tests of prolactin secretion in hyperprolactinemic states: Carbidopa-L-dopa and indirectly acting dopamine agonists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54:429, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Moriondo P, Travaglini P, Nisim M, et al: Evaluation of two inhibitory tests (nomifensine and L-dopa + carbidopa) for the diagnosis of hyperprolactinaemic states. Clin Endicrinol (Oxf) 13:525, 1980.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Muller EE, Genazzani AR, Murru S: Nomifensine: diagnostic test in hyperprolactinemic states. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47:1352, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Ferrari C, Crosignani PG, Caldara MC, et al: Failure of nomifensine administration to discriminate between tumorous and nontumorous hyperprolactinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50:23, 1979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Kamoi K, Tchuchida I, Sato H, et al: Comparison of the responses in the nomifensine test with hyperprolactinemia due to prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors and nonprolactin-secreting hypothalamic tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:1285, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Camanni F, Genazzani AR, Massara F, et al: Prolactin responsiveness to nomifensine in patients with hyperprolactinemia of tumorous or uncertain etiology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:650, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Dallabonzana D, Spelta B, Botalla L, et al: Effects of nomifensine on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in normal subjects and in pathological hyperprolactinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54:1125, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Martin TL, Kim M, Malarkey WB: The natural history of idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. / Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:855, 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Malarkey WB, Martin TL, Kim M: Patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia infrequently develop pituitary tumors. In MacLeod RM, Throner MO, Scapagnini U (eds): Prolactin. Basic and Clinical Correlates. Liviana, Padova, 1985, p. 705.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Jackson RD, Wortsman J, Malarkey WB: Characterization of a large molecular weight prolactin in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and normal menses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:258, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Post KD, Kasdon DL: Sellar and parasellar lesions mimicking adenoma. In Post KD, Jackson I, Reichlin S, et al. (eds): The Pituitary Adenoma. Plenum, New York, 1980, p. 159.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Stuart CA, Neelon FA, Lebovitz HE: Hypothalamic insufficiency: The cause of hypopituitarism in sarcoidosis. Ann Intern Med 88:589, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Vesely DL, Maldonodo A, Levey GS: Partial hypopituitarism and possible hypothalamic involvement in sarcoidosis: Report of a case and review of the literature. Am J Med 62:425, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Asa SL, Bilbao JM, Kovacs K, et al: Lymphocytic hypophysitis of pregnancy resulting in hypopituitarism: A distinct clinicopathologic entity. Ann Intern Med 95:166, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Mayfield RK, Levine JH, Gordon L, et al: Lymphoid adenohypophysitis presenting as a pituitary tumor. Am J Med 69:619, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Rickards AG, Harvey PW: Giant cell granuloma and the other pituitary granulomata. Q J Med 23:425, 1954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hoick S, Laursen H: Prolactinoma coexistent with granulomatous hypophysitis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 61:253, 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Abrams HL, Spiro R, Goldstein N: Metastases in carcinoma: Analysis of 1000 autopsied cases. Cancer 3:74, 1950.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Hagerstrand I, Schonebeck J: Metastases to the pituitary gland. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 75:64, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Kovacs K: Metastatic cancer of the pituitary gland. Oncology 27:533, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Teears RJ, Silverman EM: Clinicopathologic review of 88 cases of carcinoma metastatic to the pituitary gland. Cancer 36:216, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Stacpoole PW, Kandell TW, Fisher WR: Primary empty sella, hyperprolactinemia and isolated ACTH deficiency after postpartum hemorrhage. Am J Med 74:905, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Merker E, Futterweit W: Postpartum amenorrhea, diabetes insipidus and galactorrhea. Am J Med 56:554, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Dadey SL, Hurxthal LM: Abnormal lactation: Report of a case with amenorrhea and diabetes insipidus. Lahey Clin Bull 10:166, 1957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Boyd AE III, Reichlin S, Turksoy RN: Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome: Diagnosis and therapy. Ann Intern Med 87:165, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Maas JM: Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome: Before, during and after pregnancy. Fertil Steril 18:857, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Koppelman MCS, Jaffe MJ, Rieth KG, et al: Hyperprolactinemia, amenorrhea, and galactorrhea: A retrospective assessment of twenty-five cases. Ann Intern Med 100:115, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Weiss MH, Teal J, Gott P, et al: Natural history of microprolactinomas: Six-year follow-up. Neurosurgery 12:180, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. March CM, Kletzky OA, Davajan V, et al: Longitudinal evaluation of patients with untreated prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 139:835, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Besser GM, Parke L, Edwards CRW, et al: Galactorrhoea: Successful treatment with reduction of plasma prolactin levels by bromergocryptine. Br Med J 3:669, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Yuen BH: Bromocriptine, pituitary tumours and pregnancy. Lancet 2:1314, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Thorner MO, Evans WS, MacLeod RM, et al: Hyperprolactinemia: Current concepts of management including medical therapy with bromocriptine. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 23:165, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Parkes D: Drug therapy: Bromocryptine. N Engl] Med 301:873, 1979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Nagulesparen M, Ang V, Jenkins JS: Bromocriptine treatment of males with pituitary tumors, hyperprolactinaemia, and hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 9:73, 1978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Mroueh AM, Siler-Khodr TM: Bromocriptine therapy in cases of amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 127:291, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Fluckiger E: Pharmacology of prolactin secretion. In Falbusch R, et al (eds): Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas. Little, Brown, Boston, 1978, p. 351.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Aronoff SL, Daughaday WH, Laws ER Jr: Bromocriptine treatment of prolactinomas. (Letter.) N Engl J Med 300:1391, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Besser GM, Mouk PJA: Prolactinomas and their management. In Jacobs HS (ed): Advances in Gynecological Endocrinology. 6th ed. London Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, London, 1978, p. 234.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Barrow DL, Tindall GT, Kovacs K, et al: Clinical and pathological effects of bromocriptine on prolactin-secreting and other pituitary tumors. J Neurosurg 60:1, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Bergh T, Nillius SJ, Wide L: Bromocriptine treatment of seven women with primary amenorrhea and prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 10:145, 1979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Vance ML, Evans WS, Thorner MO: Drugs five years later: Bromocriptine. Ann Intern Med 100:78, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Velentzas C, Carras D, Vassilouthis J: Regression of pituitary prolactinoma with bromocriptine administration. JAMA 245:1149, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Tindall GT, Kovacs K, Horvath E, et al: Human prolactin-producing adenomas and bromocriptine: A histological, immunocytochemical, ultrastructural, and morphometric study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55:1178, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Thorner MO, Schran HF, Evans WS, et al: A broad spectrum of prolactin suppression by bromocriptine in hyperprolactinemic women: A study of serum prolactin and bromocriptine levels after acute and chronic administraiton of bromocriptine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50:1026, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Thorner MO, Edwards CRW, Charlesworth M, et al: Pregnancy in patients presenting with hyperprolactinaemia. Br Med J 2:771, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Thorner MO, Besser GM: Bromocriptine treatment of hyperprolactinaemic hypogonadism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) [Suppl 216] 88:131, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Wass JAH, Moult PJA, Thorner MO, et al: Reduction of pituitary tumor size in patients with prolactinomas and acromegaly treated with bromocriptine with or without radiotherapy. Lancet 2:66, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Wass JAH, Williams J, Charlesworth M, et al: Bromocriptine in management of large pituitary tumors. Br Med J 284:1908, 1982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Clayton RN, Webb J, Heath DA, et al: Dramatic and rapid shrinkage of a massive invasive prolactinoma with bromocriptine: A case report. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 22:573, 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Chiodini P, Liuzzi A, Cozzi R, et al: Size reduction of macroprolactinomas by bromocriptine or lisguride treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:737, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. George SR, Burrow GN, Zinman B, et al: Regression of pituitary tumors, a possible effect of bromergocryptine. Am J Med 66:697, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Grisoli F, Vincentelli F, Jaquet P, et al: Prolactin secreting adenomas in 22 men. Surg Neurol 13:241, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. McGregor AM, Scanlon MF, Hall K, et al: Reduction in size of a pituitary tumor by bromocriptine therapy. N Engl J Med 300:291, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Vaidya RA, Aloorkar SD, Rege NR: Normalization of visual fields following bromocriptine treatment in hyperprolactinemic patients with visual field constriction. Fertil Steril 29:632, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Thorner MO, Martin WH, Rogol AD, et al: Rapid regression of pituitary prolactinomas during bromocriptine treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:438, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Thorner MO, Perryman RL, Rogol AD, et al: Rapid changes of prolactinoma volume after withdrawal and reinstitution of bromocriptine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 153:480, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Wollesen FO, Andersen T, Karle A: Size reduction of extrasellar pituitary tumors during bromcriptine treatment: Quantitation of effect on different types of tumors. Ann Intern Med 96:281, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Nillius SJ, Bergh T, Lundberg PO, et al: Regression of a prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor during long-term treatment with bromocriptine. Fertil Steril 30:710, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Landolt AM, Wutrich R, Fellmann H: Regression of pituitary prolactinoma after treatment with bromocriptine. Lancet 1:1082, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Corenblum B, Webster BR, Mortimer CB, et al: Possible antitumor effects of 2-bromoergocryptine (CB-154 Sandoz) in 2 patients with large prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Clin Res 23:614A, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Nabarro JDN: Pituitary prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 17:129, 1982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. MacLeod RM, Lehmeyer JE: Studies on the mechanism of the dopamine-mediated inhibition of prolactin secretion. Endocrinology 94:1077, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Mashiter K, Adams E, Bear M, et al: Bromocriptine inhibits prolactin and growth-hormone release by human pituitary tumours in culture. Lancet 2:197, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Sobrinho LG, Nunes MC, Calhaz-Jorge C, et al: Effect of treatment with bromocriptine on the size and activity of prolactin-producing pituitary tumors. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 96:24, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Eversmann T, Fahlbusch R, Rjosk HK, et al: Persisting suppression of prolactin secretion after long-term treatment with bromocriptine in patients with prolactinomas. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 92:413, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Grossman A, Bouloux P-MG, Loneragan R, et al: Comparison of the clinical activity of mesulergine and pergolide in the treatment of hyperprolactinaemia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 22:611, 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Kleinberg DL, Lieberman A, Todd J, et al: Pergolide mesylate: A potent day-long inhibitor of prolactin in rhesus monkeys and patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:152, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Franks S, Horrocks PM, Lynch SS, et al: Effectiveness of pergolide mesylate in long term treatment of hyperprolactinaemia. Br Med J 286:1177, 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Kleinberg DL, Boyd AE III, Wardlaw S, et al: Treatment of prolactin and growth hormone secreting pituitary tumors with pergolide. N Engl J Med 309:704, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Hardy J, Beauregard H, Robert F: Prolactin-secreting adenomas: Transsphenoidal microsurgical treatment. In Robyn C, et al (eds): Progress in Prolactin Physiology and Pathology. Elsevier/North-Holland, New York, 1978, p. 361.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Hardy J: Transsphenoidal surgery of hypersecreting pituitary tumors. In Kohler PO, Ross GT (eds): Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary Tumors. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1973, p. 179.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Hardy J: Transsphenoidal microsurgical removal of pituitary microadenoma. In Krayenbühl H, Maspes PE, Sweet WH (eds): Progress in Neurological Surgery. S. Karger, Basel, 1975, p. 200.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Hardy J, Vezina JL: Transsphenoidal neurosurgery of intracranial neoplasm. In Thompson RA, Greene JR (eds): Advances in Neurology. Raven Press, New York, 1976, p. 261.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Hardy J: Microsurgical exploration of a normal sella turcia for a microadenoma. In Derome JP, Jedynak CP, Peillon F (eds): Pituitary Adenomas: Biology, Physiopathology and Treatment. Asclepios, France, 1980, p. 195.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Hardy J (ed): Prolactinoma. Neurochirurgie 27(Suppl 1), 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Chang RJ, Keye WR Jr, Young JR: Detection, evaluation, and treatment of pituitary microadenomas in patients with galactorrhea and amenorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128:356, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Jacques P, Grisoli F, Guibout M, et al: Prolactin secreting tumors: Endocrine status before and after surgery in 33 women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46:459, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Tucker H St G, Grubb SR, Wigand JP, et al: Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome: Follow-up of forty five patients after pituitary tumor removal. Ann Intern Med 94:302, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Post KD, Biller BJ, Adelman LS, et al: Selective transsphenoidal adenomectomy in women with galactorrhea-amenorrhea. JAMA 242:158, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Tindall GT, McLanahan S, Christy JH: Transsphenoidal microsurgery for pituitary tumors associated with hyperprolactinemia. J Neurosurg 48:849, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Wilson Ch.B, Dempsey SC: Transsphenoidal microsurgical removal of 250 pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg 48:13, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Domingue JN, Richmond IL, Wilson CB: Results of surgery in 114 patients with prolactinsecreting pituitary adenomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 137:102, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Faria MA Jr, Tindall GT: Transsphenoidal microsurgery for prolactinomas. In Givens Jr (ed): Hormone Secreting Pituitary Tumors. Year Book, Chicago, 1982, p. 275.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Hardy J: Transsphenoidal microsurgery of prolactinomas. In Black P McL, et al. (eds): Progress in Endocrine Research and Therapy. Vol. 1. Raven Press, New York, 1984, p. 73.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Serri O, Rasio E, Beauregard H, et al: Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after selective transsphenoidal adenomectomy in women with prolactinoma. N Engl] Med 309:280, 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Rodman EF, Molitch ME, Post KD, et al: Long-term follow-up of transsphenoidal selective adenomectomy for prolactinoma. JAMA 252:921, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Antunes JL, Housepian EM, Frantz AG, et al: Prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors. Ann Neurol 2:148, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Sheline GE, Grossman A, Jones AE, et al: Radiation therapy for prolactinomas. In Black P McL, et al. (eds): Secretory Tumors of the Pituitary Gland. Progress in Endocrine Research and Therapy. Vol. 1. Raven Press, New York, 1984, p. 93.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Grossman A, Cohen BL, Charlesworth M, et al: The circulating prolactin response to radiotherapy in patients with prolactinoma. Br Med J 288:1105, 1984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Grossman A, Besser GM: Prolactinomas. Br Med J 290:182, 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Robinson AG, Nelson PB: Prolactinomas in women: Current therapies. Ann Intern Med 99:115, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Turkalj I, Braun P, Krupp P: Surveillance of bromocriptine in pregnancy. JAMA 247:1589, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Lamberts SWJ, Klijn JGM, deLange SA, et al: The incidence of complications during pregnancy after treatment of hyperprolactinemia with bromocriptine in patients with radiologically evident pituitary tumors. Fertil Steril 31:614, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Griffith RW, Turkalj I, Braun P: Pituitary tumors during pregnancy in mothers treated with bromocriptine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1:393, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Gemzell C, Wang CF: Outcome of pregnancy in women with pituitary adenoma. Fertil Steril 31:363, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Molitch ME, Elton RL, Blackwell RE, et al: Bromocriptine as primary therapy for prolactinsecreting macroadenomas: Results of a prospective multicenter study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:698, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Warfield A, Finkel DM, Schatz NJ, et al: Bromocriptine treatment of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas may restore pituitary function. Ann Intern Med 101:783, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Johnston DG, Prescott RWG, Kendall-Taylor P, et al: Hyperprolactinemia. Long-term effects of bromocriptine. Am J Med 75:868, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Spark RF, Baker R, Bienfang DC, et al: Bromocriptine reduces pituitary tumor size and hypersecretion. JAMA 247:311, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Molitch ME: Pregnancy and the hyperprolactinemic woman. N Engl J Med 312:1364, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Barbieri RL, Ryan KJ: Bromocriptine: Endocrine pharmacology and therapeutic applications. Fertil Steril 39:727, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Adelman LS: The Pathology of Pituitary Adenomas. In Post KD, Jackson IM, Reichlin S (eds): The Pituitary Adenoma ,Plenum Press, New York, 1980, pp. 47–62.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Wolpert SM: The Radiology of Pituitary Adenomas. In Post KD, Jackson IM, Reichlin S (eds): The Pituitary Adenoma ,Plenum Press, New York, 1980, pp. 297–320.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Post KD, Kasdon DL: Sellar and Parasellar Lesions Mimicking Adenoma. In Post KD, Jackson IM, Reichlin S (eds): The Pituitary Adenoma ,Plenum Press, New York, 1980, pp. 159–216.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kannan, C.R. (1987). Prolactin-Secreting Tumors. In: The Pituitary Gland. Clinical Surveys in Endocrinology, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1849-1_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1849-1_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9032-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1849-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics