Abstract
Retroviruses are of special importance in the understanding of the origin and pathogenesis of leukemias and lymphomas of man. Not only are they a major cause of naturally occurring leukemias and lymphomas in several animal species, thus providing useful model systems relating to the cause and development of neoplasias in man, but they also provide a means to identify and study some cellular genes (so-called onc genes) which are important in cell growth and differentiation and which have been transduced by the acutely transforming retroviruses. Many people believe that abnormal expression and/or qualitative modification of the c-onc genes are involved in the molecular pathogenesis of most or even all cancers no matter what the cause.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Klein G: Viral Oncology, New York, Raven Press, 1980.
Cooper GM: Cellular transforming genes. Science 218:801–807, 1982.
Stehelin D, Varmus HE, Bishop JM: DNA related to the transforming gene(s) of avian sarcoma virus is present in normal avian DNA. Nature 260:170–172, 1976.
Bishop JM: Retroviruses. Ann Rev Biochem 47:35–88, 1981.
Fung Y, Lewis WG, Gaittenden LB, Kung HJ: Activation of the cellular oncogene c-erbB by LTR insertion: molecular basis vor induction of erythroblastosis by avia leukosis virus. Cell 33:357–368, 1983.
Oppermann H, Levinson AD, Varmus HE, Levintow L, Bishop JM: Uninfected vertebrate cells contain a protein that is closely related to the product of the avian sarcoma virus transforming gene (src). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:1804–1808, 1979.
Neel BG, Hayward WS, Robinson HL, Fang J, Astrin SM: Avian leukosis virus induced tumors have common proviral integration sites and synthesize discrete new RNA’s: oncogenesis by promoter insertion. Cell 23:323–334, 1981.
Dalla-Favera R, Gelmann EP, Martinotti S, Franchini G, Papas TS, Gallo RC, Wong-Staal F: Cloning and characterization of different human sequences related to the onc gene (v-myc) of avian myelocytomatosis virus (MC29). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:6497–6501, 1982.
Dalla-Favera R, Gelann EP, Gallo RC, Wong-Staal F: A human onc gene homologous to the transforming gene (v-sis) of simian sarcoma virus. Nature 292:31–35, 1981.
Franchini G, Wong-Staal F, Baluda MA, Lengel C, Tronick SR: Structural organization and expression of human DNA sequences related to the transforming gene of avian myeloblastosis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:7385–7389, 1983.
Franchini G, Gelmann EP, Dalla-Favera R, Gallo RC, Wong-Staal F: Human gene (c-fes) related to the onc sequences of Snyder Theilen feline sarcoma virus. Mol Cell Biol 2:1014–1019, 1982.
Westin EH, Gallo RC, Arya SF, Eva A, Souza LM, Baluda MA, Aaronson SA, Wong-Staal F: Differential expression of the amv gene in human hematopoietic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:2194–2198, 1981.
Westin Eh, Wong-Staal F, Gelmann EP, Dalla-Favera R, Papas TS, Lautenberger JA, Eva A, Reddy EP, Tronick SR, Aaronson SA, Gallo RC: Expression of cellular homologues of retrociral onc genes in human hematopoietic cells. Prov Natl Acad Sci USA 79:2490–2494, 1982.
Eva A, Robbins KS, Andersen PR, Srinivasan A, Tronick SR, Reddy EP, Ellmore NW, Galen AT, Leutenberger JA, Papas TS, Westin EH, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC, Aaronson SA: Cellular gene analogous to retroviral onc genes are transcribed in human tumor cells. Nature 295:116–119, 1982.
Dalla-Favera R, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC: Onc Gene amplification in promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL60 and primary leukemic cells of the same patient. Nature 299:61–63, 1982.
Collins S, Greudine M: Amplification of endogenous myc related DNA sequence in a human myeloid leukaemia cell line, Nature 298:679–682, 1982.
Yunis J, Jorge J: The chromosomal basis of human neoplasia. Science 221:227–236, 1983.
Dalla-Favera R, Gallo C, Giallongo A, Croce CM: Chromosomal localization of the human homologue (c-sis) of the simian sarcoma virus onc gene. Science 218:686–688, 1982.
Dalla-Favera R, Franchini G, Martinotti S, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC, Croce CM: Chromosomal assignment of the human homologue of feline sarcoma virus and avian myeloblastosis virus onc genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:4714–4717, 1982.
Dalla-Favera R, Bregni M, Erikson J, Patterson A, Gallo RC, Croce C: humanc-myc onc is located on the regional chromosome 8 that is translocated in burkitt lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:7824–7827, 1982.
Neel BJ, Jhanwar SC, Chaganti RJK, Hayward WS: Two human c-onc genes are located on the long arm of chromosome 8. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:7842–7846, 1982.
Hesterkamp N, Groffen J, Stephenson JR, Spur NK, Goodfellow PN, Solomon E, Cavitt R, Bodmer WF: Chromosomal localization of human cellular homologues of two viral oncogenes. Nature 299:747–749, 1982.
Croce CM, Shander M, Martinis J, Cicurel L, D’Ancona G, Dolby TW, Koprowski H: Chromosomal location of the genes for immunoglobulin heavy chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:3416–3419, 1979.
Erikson J, Martinis J, Croce CM: Assignment of the genes for human X immunoglobulin chains to chromosome 22. Nature 294û1–175, 1981.
McBride DW, Hiete PA, Hollis GG, Swan D, Otey MC, Leder P: Chromosomal location of human Kappa and lambda immunoglobulin light chain constant regions. J Exp Med 155:1480–1487, 1982.
Maleem S, Barten P, Murphy C, Ferguson-Smith MA, Bentley DL, Rabbitts TM: Localization of human immunoglobulin K light chain variable regions to the sort arm of chromosome 2 by in situ hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:4957–4961, 1982.
Dalla-Favera R, Martinotti S, Gallo RC, Erikson J, Croce JM: Translocation and rearrangements of the c-myc onc gene locus in human undifferentiated B-lymphoma. Science 219:963–967, 1983.
Dalla Favera R, Bragni M, Erikson J, Patterson D, Gallo RC, Croce C: Human c-myc onc gene is located on the region of chromosome 8 that is translocated in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:7824–7827, 1982.
Marcu KB, Harris LJ, Stanton LW, Erikson J, Watt R, Croce CM: Transcriptionally active c-myc oncogene is contained within NIARD, a DNA sequence associated with chromosome translocations in B-cell neoplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:519–523, 1983.
McGuire RT, Robins TS, Thorgeirsson SS, Heilman CA: Expression of cellular myc and mos genes in undifferentiated B-cell lymphomas of Burkitt and non-Burkitt types. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:1947–1950, 1983.
Rechavi G, Givol D, Canaani E: Activation of a cellular oncogene by DNA rearrangement: Possible involvement of an Is-like element. Nature 300:607–661, 1982.
Rowley JD: Human oncogene locations and chromosome aberrations. Nature 243:290–291, 1983.
Pellicer A, Robins A, Wold B, Sweet R, Jackson L, Lowy I, Roberts JM, Sim GK, Silverstein S, Axel R: Altering genotype and phenotype by DNA mediated gene transfer. Science 209:1414–1418, 1980.
Perucho M, Hanahan A, Wigler M: Genetic and physical linkage of exogenous sequences in transformed cells. Cell 22:309–316, 1980.
Robins DM, Ripley S, Henderson AJ, Axel R: Transforming DNA integrates into the host chromosome. Cell 23:29–39, 1981.
Mulligan RC, Berg PA: Expression of a bacterial gene in mammalian cells. Science 209:1422–1427, 1980.
Deininger DL, Jolly DJ, Rubin CM, Friedman T, Schmid CW: Base sequence studies of 300 nucleotide renatured repeated human DNA clones. J Mol Biol 151:17–35, 1981.
Harvey J J: An unidentified virus which causes the rapid production of tumors in mice. Nature 204:1104–1106, 1964.
Kirsten WH, Mayer LA: Morphologic responses to a murine erythroblastosis virus. J Natl Cancer Inst 39:311–343, 1967.
Defeo D, Gonda MA, Young MA, Chang EM, Lowy DR, Scolnick EM, Ellis RW: Analysis of two divergent rat genomic clones homologous to the transforming gene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:3328–3332, 1981.
Ellis RW, Defeo D, Shih TY, Gonda MA, Young MA, Tsuchida N, Lowy DR, Scolnick EM: The p21 src genes of Harvey and Kirsten sarcoma viruses originate from divergent members of a family of normal vertebrate genes. Nature 292:506–511, 1981.
Chang EH, Gonda MA, Ellis RW, Scolnick EM, Lowy DR: Human genome contains four genes homologous to transforming genes of Harvey and Kirsten murine sarcoma viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:4848–4852, 1982.
O’Brien SJ, Nash WG, Goodwin JL, Lowy DR, Chang EH: Dispersion of the ras family of transforming genes to 4 different chromosomes in man. Nature 302:839–843, 1983.
Shimizu K, Goldfarb M, Suard Y, Perucho M, Li Y, Kamata T, Feramisco J, Stavnezer E, Fogh J, Wigler MH: Three human transforming genes are related to the viral ras oncogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:2112–2116, 1983.
Hall A, Marshall CJ, Spurr NK, Weiss RA: Identification of transforming genes in two human sarcoma cell lines as a new member of the ras gene family located on chromosome 1. Nature 303:396–399, 1983.
Shih C, Weinberg RA: Isolation of transforming sequence from a human bladder carcinoma cell line. Cell 29:161–169, 1982.
Pulciani S, Santos E, Lauver AV, Long LK, Robbins KC, Barbacid M: Oncogenes in human tumor cell lines: Molecular cloning of a transforming gene from human bladder cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:2845–2849, 1982.
Parada LF, Tabin CJ, Shih C, Weinberg RA: Human EJ bladder carcinoma oncogene is a homologueal Harvey sarcoma virus ras gene Nature 297:474–478, 1982.
Santos E, Tronick SR, Aaronson SA, Pulciani S, Barbacid M: T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene is an activated form of the normal human homologue of Balb and Harvey MS transforming genes. Nature 298:343–347, 1982.
McCoy MS, Toole JJ, Cunningham JM, Chang EH, Lowy DR, Weinberg RA: Characterization of a human colon/lung carcinoma oncogene. Nature 302:79–81, 1983.
Tabin CJ, Bradley SM, Bargmann CI, Weinberg RA, Pare 300:143–149, 1982.
Reddy EP, Reynolds RK, Santos E, Barbacid M: A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene. Nature 300:149–152, 1982.
Taparowsky E, Suard Y, Fasano O, Shimizu K, Goldfarb M, Wigler M: Activation of the T24 bladder carcinoma transforming gene is linked to a single amino acid change. Nature 300:762–765, 1982.
Goubin G, Goldman DS, Luce J, Neiman PE, Cooper GM: Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a transforming gene detected by transfection of chicken B-cell lymphoma DNA. Nature 302:114–119, 1983.
Diamond A, Cooper GM, Ritz J, Lane MA: Identification and molecular cloning of the human Blym transforming gene activated in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Nature 305:112–116, 1983.
Whittock C, Witte On: Abelson virus infected cells can exhibit restricted in vitro growth and low oncogenic potential. J Virol 40:577–589, 1981.
Grunwald DJ, Dale B, Dudley J, Lamph W, Sugden B, Ozanne B, Risser R: Loss of viral gene expression and retention of tumorigenicity by Abelson lymphoma cells. J Virol 43:92–103, 1982.
Lane MA, Neary D, Cooper GM: Activation of a cellular transforming gene in tumors induced by Abelson murine leukemia virus. Nature 300:659–661, 1982.
Ozanne B, Wheeler T, Zack J, Smith G, Dale B: Transforming gene of a human leukaemia cell is unrelated to the expressed tumor virus gene of the cell. Nature 299:744–747, 1982.
Land H, Paradi LF, Weinberg RA: Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblast requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature 304:596–602, 1983.
Ruley HE: Adenovirus early region 1A enables viral and cellular transforming genes to transform primary cells in culture. Nature 304:602–606, 1983.
Gross L: Oncogenic viruses. New York, Pergamon Press, 1977.
Essex M, Todaro GJ, Zur Hausen H (eds): Viruses in naturally occurring cancers. New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, 1980.
Kettmann R, Meunier-Rotival M, Marbaix G et al.: Genomic integration of bovine leukemia pro virus. In: Viruses in naturally occurring cancers, Essex M, Todaro G, zur Hausen H (eds). New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, 1980, p 927–942.
Paul PS, Pomeroy KA, Johnson DW, et al.: Evidence for the replication of bovine leukemia virus in the B lymphocytes. Am J Vet Res 38:873–878, 1977.
Ferrer JF, Cabradilla C, Gupta P: A model for viral carcinogenesis. In: Viruses in naturally occurring cancers, Essex M, Todaro G, zur Hausen H (eds). New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, 1980, p 887–899.
Morgan DA, Ruscetti FW, Gallo RC: Selective in vitro growth of T lymphocytes from normal human bone marrow. Science 193:1007–1008, 1976.
Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Mier JW, Woods AM, Gallo RC: T-cell lines established from human T-lymphocytic neoplasias by direct response to T-cell growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:6815–6819, 1980.
Gootenberg JE, Ruscetti FW, Mier JW, Gazdar AF, Gallo RC: Human cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and leukemia cell lines produce and respond to T-cell growth factor. J Exp Med 154:1403–1418, 1981.
Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Gallo RC: Detection and isolation of type-C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:7415–7419, 1980.
Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Reitz MS, Kalyanaraman VS, Gallo RC: Isolation of a new type-C retrovirus (HTLV) in primary uncultured cells of a patient with Sezary T-cell leukemia. Nature 294:268–271, 1981.
Reitz MS, Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gallo RC: Characterization and distribution of nucleic acid sequences of a novel type-C retrovirus isolated from neoplastic human T-lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:1887–1891, 1981.
Kalyanaraman VS, Sarngadharan MG, Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gallo RC: Immunological properties of a type-C retrovirus isolated from cultured human T-lymphoma cells and comparison to other mammalian retroviruses. J Virol 81:906–915, 1981.
Oroszlan S, Sarngadharan MG, Copeland TD, Kalyanaraman VS, Gilden RV, Gallo RC: Primary structure analysis of the major internal protein p24 of human type C T-cell leukemia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:1291–1294, 1982.
Gallo RC, Mann D, Broder S, et al: Human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV) is in T but not B lymphocytes from a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:5680–5683, 1982.
Popovic M, Sarin PS, Robert-Guroff M, et al: Isolation and transmission of human retrovirus (human T-cell leukemia virus). Science 219:856–859 1983.
Kalyanaraman VS, Sarngadharan MG, Robert-Guroff M, Blayney D, Golde D, Gallo RC: A new subtype of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-II) associated with a T-cell variant of Hairy cell leukemia. Science 218:571–573, 1982.
Miyoshi I, Kubonishi I, Yoshimoto S, et al: Type C virus particles in a cord T-cell line derived by co-cultivating normal human leukocytes and human leukemic T-cells. Nature 294:770–771, 1981.
Catovsky D, Greaves MF, Rose M, et al: Adult T-cell lymphoma-leukaemia in Blacks from the West Indies. Lancet i: 639–642, 1982.
Vyth-Drees FA, De Vries JE: Human T-cell leukemia virus in lymphocytes from a T-cell leukemia patient originating from Surinam. Lancet ii: 993–994, 1982.
Haynes BF, Miller SE, Palker TJ, et al: Identification of human T cell leukemia virus in a Japanese patient with adult T-cell leukemia and cutaneous lymphomatous vasculitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:2054–2058, 1983.
Wong-Staal F, Hahn B, Manzari V, et al: A survey of human leukemias for sequences of a human retrovirus, HTLV. Nature 302:626–628, 1983.
Gelmann EP, Franchini G, Manzari V, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC: Molecular cloning of a unique human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-IImo). Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 81:993–997, 1984.
Gallo RC, Kalyanaraman VS, Sarngadharan MG, et al: The human type-C retrovirus: Association with a subset of adult T-cell malignancies. Cancer Res 43:3892–3899, 1983.
Takatsuki K, Uchiyama J, Sagawa K, Yodoi J: Adult T-cell leukemia in Japan. In: Topics in hematology, Seno S, Takaku F, Irino S (eds). Amsterdam-Oxford. Excerpta Medica, 1977, pp 73–77.
Robert-Guroff M, Gallo RC: Establishment of an etiologic relationship between the human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) and adult T-cell leukemia. Blut 47:1–12, 1983.
Kalyanaraman VS, Sarngadharan MG, Nakao Y, Ito Y, Aoki T, Gallo RC: Natural antibodies to the structural protein (p24) of the human T-cell leukemia (lymphoma) retrovirus found in sera of leukemic patients in japan. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:1653–1657, 1982.
Blattner WA, Kalyanaraman VS, Robert-Guroff M, et al: The human type-C retrovirus, HTLV, in Blacks from the Caribbean region and relationship to adult T-cell Leukemia/lymphoma. Int J Cancer 30:257–264, 1982.
Yoshida M, Miyoshi I, Hinuma Y: Isolation and characterization of retrovirus from cell lines of human adult T-cell leukemia and its implication in the disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:2031–2035, 1982.
Manzari V, Wong-Staal F, Franchini G, et al: Human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV): cloning of an integrated defective provirus and flanking cellular sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:1574–1578, 1983.
Popovic M, Lange-Wantzin G, Sarin PS, Mann D, Gallo RC: Transformation of human umbilical cord blood T,cells by human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:5402–5406, 1983.
Markham PD, Salahuddin SZ, Robert-Guroff M, Gallo RC: Transformation of different phenotypes of human T-lymphocytes from bone marrow by HTLV infection. (Submitted).
Seiki M, Hattori S, Hirayama Y, Yoshida M: Human adult T-cell leukemia virus: complete nucleotide sequence of the provirus genome integrated in leukemic cell DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:3618–3622, 1983.
Franchinig, Gallo RC, Wong-Staal F: Integration and expression of human T-cell leukemia virus and cellular genes in fresh leukemic cells of two patients with adult T-cell leukemia. (submitted).
Waldmann TA, Broder S, Greene W, et al: A comparison of the function and phenotype of Sezary T-cells with human T-cell leukemia lymphoma virus (HTLV) associated adult T-cell leukemia. Clinical Res 31:547A, 1983.
Arya S, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC: Expression of T-cell Growth factor gene in human T-cell Leukemia-lymphoma virus infected cells. (Submitted).
Salahuddin SZ, Markahm PD, Lindner SG, et al: Constitutive production of lymphokines from human T-cells transformed by HTLV-I. (Submitted).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Westin, E.H., Wong-Staal, F., Gallo, R.C. (1985). Retroviruses and Onc Genes in Human Leukemias and Lymphomas. In: Bloomfield, C.D. (eds) Chronic and Acute Leukemias in Adults. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 26. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2581-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2581-9_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9619-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2581-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive