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The Grasshopper Neuroblast Short-Term Assay for Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Chemicals on Chromosomes and Cell Kinetics

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Chemical Mutagens

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Abstract

The grasshopper neuroblast (GHNb) is a newcomer to the library of tests available for evaluating the mutagenicity of environmental chemicals. Most of the current tests have been in use since the beginning of the present era of active research on the identification of environmental mutagens and carcinogens, which began to attain international momentum in the late 1960s.(28,56) Why, then, did we recently develop another assay? First, the neuroblast (Nb) of the grasshopper Chortophaga viridifasciata (De Geer) has been shown to be very sensitive to X rays (the effects of doses as low as 1 rad on chromosome breakage and on mitotic rate can be detected(42,43)), so we reasoned that it might also be very sensitive to chemical mutagens. Second, the fact that the spontaneous chromosome aberration frequency in the GHNb is zero means that significant data on mutagens can be obtained with a minimum number of cells. Third, the GHNb has a short cell cycle(44) with a number of well-defined phases, and thus, much information about the effects of agents on cell progression can be obtained. This aspect of environmental mutagen action has received relatively little attention and is of considerable relevance to teratogenesis.(36) The short cell cycle (Chortophaga, 4 hr; Melanoplus sanguinipes, 2 hr, 38°C) is also advantageous for testing chemicals with short half-lives.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Radiation Biology Section, Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75235, USA

    Mary Esther Gaulden & Martha J. Ferguson

  2. Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas System Cancer Center, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA

    Jan C. Liang

Authors
  1. Mary Esther Gaulden
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  2. Jan C. Liang
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  3. Martha J. Ferguson
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

    Frederick J. de Serres

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Gaulden, M.E., Liang, J.C., Ferguson, M.J. (1984). The Grasshopper Neuroblast Short-Term Assay for Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Chemicals on Chromosomes and Cell Kinetics. In: de Serres, F.J. (eds) Chemical Mutagens. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2771-4_1

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