Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Brain Plans and Servo Loops in Determining Corrective Movements

  • Chapter
Multiple Muscle Systems

Abstract

There are research benefits to studying movements which correct a disturbance of the position or progression of a limb. For example, the prior state of the limb, the body or the brain can be manipulated. This can throw light on prior organization, or pre-planning, of the corrective movement. Further, the onset point for the need for the correction can be accurately specified. This serves as a temporal bench mark from which the corrective movement is initiated by the nervous system. Study of such movements can also highlight the role of peripheral feedback from sensory transducers in the organization of movement (This then can be contrasted with pre-planning by the central nervous system.) The initial disturbance or ‘perturbation’ of the limb sets up additional discharge in the sensory receptors. When this discharge can be measured or estimated, correlation can be made between the input and the subsequent output of corrective muscular activity. This can test for the existence of servo relationships between the sensory discharge and the muscular activity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbs, J.H. and Gracco, V.L. (1984) Control of complex motor gestures: orofacial muscle responses to load perturbations of the lip during speech. J. Neurophysiol. 51: 705–723.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allum, J.H.J. (1983) Organization of stabilizing reflex responses in tibialis anterior muscles following ankle flexion perturbations of standing man. Brain Res. 264: 297–301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldissera, F, Hulbom, H. and Dlert, M. (1981) Integration in spinal systems. Handbook of Physiology, Sect. 1 (The nervous system), Vol. 2 (Motor control) (Edited by Brooks, V. B.). American Physiological Society, Bethesda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T.G. (1914) On the nature of fundamental activity of the nervous centres; together with an analysis of the conditioning of rhythmic activity in progression, and a theory of evolution of function in the nervous system. J. Physiol. 48: 18–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Churchland, P.M. and Churchland, P.S. (1990) Can machines think? Sci. Am. 262: 1: 32–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, K.J. and Abbs, J.H. (1987). Kinematic and electromyographic responses to perturbation of a rapid grasp. J. Neurophysiol. 57 (7) 1498–1510.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, K.J., Gracco, V.L. and Abbs, J.H. (1984) Autogenic and nonautogenic sensorimotor action in the control of multiarticulate hand movement. Exp. Brain Res. 56: 582–585.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crago, P.E., Houk, J.C. and Hasan, Z. (1976) Regulatory actions of human stretch reflex. J. Neurophysiol. 39: 925–935.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deliagnia, T.G., Fel’dman, A.G., Gelfand, I.M. and Orlovsky, G.N. (1975) On the role of central program and afferent inflow in the control of scratching movements in the cat. Brain Res. 100: 297–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, H.C., Horak, F.B. and Nashner, L.M. (1988) Influence of stimulus parameters on human postural responses. J. Neurophysiol. 59: 1888–1905.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, V., Quintern, J. and Sillem, M. (1987) Stumbling reactions in man: significance of proprioceptive and pre-programmed mechanisms. J. Physiol. 386: 149–163.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forssberg, H. (1985) Phase dependent step adaptations during human locomotion. In Feedback and Motor Control in Invertebrates and Vertebrates. (Edited by Barnes, W.J.P, and Gladden, M.H.) Croomhelm, London, pp. 451–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, G.L. and Agarwal, G.C. (1979) Response to sudden torques about ankle in man: myotatic reflex. J. Neurophysiol. 42: 91–106.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grillner, S. (1985) Central pattern generators for locomotion, with special reference to vertebrates. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 8: 233–261.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guyton, A.C. (1986) Textbook of Medical Physiology 7th Ed. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, P.H. (1955) Involuntary activity in biceps following sudden application of velocity to the abducted forearm. J.Physiol. 127: 23–25 P.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, P.H. (1956) The influence of prior instruction to the subject on an apparently involuntary neuromuscular response. J. Physiol. 128: 17–18 P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrie, A. and Lee, R.G. (1978) Selective effects of vibration on human spinal and long-loop reflexes. Brain Res. 157: 369–375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horak, F.B. and Nashner, L.M. (1986) Central programming of postural movements: adaptation to altered support surface configurations. J. Neurophysiol. 55: 1369–1381.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horak, F.B., Diener, H.C. and Nashner, L.M. (1989) Influence of central set on human postural responses. J. Neurophysiol. 62: 841–453.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hone, J. and Vilis, T. (1984) Loss of set in muscle responses to limb perturbations during cerebellar dysfunction. J. Neurophysiol. 51: 1137–1148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, R.S. and Westling, G. (1988) Programmed and triggered reactions to rapid load changes during precision grip. Exp. Brain Res. 71: 72–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T.S. (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 2nd. Ed. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacPherson, J.M., Rushmer, D.S. and Dunbar, D.C. (1986) Postural responses in the cat to unexpected rotations of the supporting surface: evidence for a centrally generated synergic organization. Exp. Brain Res. 62: 152–160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mcllnoy, W.E. and Brooke J.D. (1986) The magnitude of the H reflex of soleus substantially exceeds the myotatic response from rapid dorsi-flexion of the ankle joint. Exp. Neurol. 92: 455–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McIlroy, W.E. and Brooke, J.D. (1987) Response synergies over a single leg when it is perturbed during the complex rhythmic movement of pedalling. Brain Res. 407: 317–326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIlroy, W.E. and Brooke J.D. (1989) Contribution of prior expectation to corrective movements. Neurosci. Abs. 15: 173.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIlroy, W.E., Brooke, J.D. and Singh, R. (1989) Cutaneous contributions to corrective movements of the leg in humans. Abs. Sth. Ont. Neurosci. Ass. June 3: McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIlroy, W.E., Yoon, P. and Brooke, J.D. (1988) The importance of foot position in the development of whole limb strategies for load bearing. Neurosci. Abs. 14: 64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melville-Jones, G. and Watt, D.G.D. (1971) Observations on the control of stepping and hopping movements in man. J. Physiol. 219: 709–727.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nashner, L.M. (1977) Fixed patterns of rapid postural responses among leg muscles during stance. Exp. Brain Res. 30: 13–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newson Davis, J. and Sears, T.A. (1970) The proprioceptive reflex control of the intercostal muscles during their voluntary activation. J. Physiol 209: 711–738.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pellionisz, A. and Llinas, R. (1980) Tensorial ap-proach to the geometry of brain function: cerebellar coordination via a metric tensor. Neurosci. 5: 1125–1136.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pellionisz, A. and Llinas, R. (1985) Tensor network theory of the metaorganization of functional geometries in the central nervous system. Neurosci. 16: 245–273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, D.A. Motor programming: a review of scheduling theory. In Motor Behaviour. (Edited by Heuer, H., Kleinbeck, U. and Schmidt, K.-H.)., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schieppati, M. (1987) The Hoffmann reflex: a means of assessing spinal reflex excitability and its descending control in man. Prog. Neurobiol. 28: 345–376.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, R.A. (1982) Motor Control and Learning. Human Kinetics, Urbana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherrington, C.S. (1906) The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. New Haven, Yale University Press, (2nd edition 1947 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sieb, R.A. (1989) Proposed mechanism for cerebellar coordination, stabilization, and monitoring of movements and posture. Medical Hypotheses. 28: 225–232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tatton, W.G., Forner, S.D., Gerstein, G.L., Chambers, W.W. and Liu, C.N. (1975) The effect of postcentral cortical lesions on motor responses to sudden upper limb displacement in monkeys. Brain Res. 96: 108–113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. John D. Brooke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. William E. McIlroy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Department of Chemical, Bio., and Materials Engineering, Arizona State University, 85287-6006, Tempe, Arizona, USA

    Jack M. Winters

  2. Department of Surgery Division of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 92093, La Jolla, California, USA

    Savio L-Y. Woo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brooke, J.D., McIlroy, W.E. (1990). Brain Plans and Servo Loops in Determining Corrective Movements. In: Winters, J.M., Woo, S.LY. (eds) Multiple Muscle Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9030-5_46

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9030-5_46

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9032-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9030-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation